- •Введение
- •Contents
- •Introduction to legal english Before you start
- •Concept
- •Part 1.Terminology basics
- •Fundamentals
- •I. Origin of some basic words
- •1. Law and Legal
- •3. The word jury has a different origin
- •2. Impersonal sentences
- •3. Passive constructions
- •Development Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Part 2.The concept of law and areas of law fundamentals
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Areas of law
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7 Business Law
- •Part 3. How to look up words in a dictionary
- •Unit II state structure: legislative branch of power Before you start
- •Part 1. Legislation process in the united kingdom fundamentals The uk Parliament
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 4
- •How laws are made in the uk Parliament
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Video script
- •Uk Executive Branch of Power
- •How Bill Becomes Law in the usa
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 14
- •Internet Search. Visiting the site of the Congress.
- •The Executive Branch of Power in the usa
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How to make presentations
- •Presentation
- •Introduction
- •Unit III state structure: judicial branch of power Before you start
- •Part 1. The uk justice system
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Development Exercise 8
- •Part 2. The us justice system
- •Fundamentals
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Development State court system
- •Exercise 11
- •Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Internet research
- •Exercise 14
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How to conduct discussions and hold meetings
- •1. Chairperson conducts a meeting or discussion
- •2. Audience’s interaction with the speaker
- •3. The speaker’s reaction to the questions and comments.
- •Sequencing and connecting ideas
- •Unit IV legal systems Before you start
- •Exercise 2
- •Henry II of England
- •The third criterion
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Sources of Civil Law Exercise 10
- •Part 2. Precedent
- •Fundamentals
- •Exercise 11
- •Development Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Exercise 14
- •Miranda V. Arizona (1966)
- •Gideon V Wainwright (1963)
- •Brown V. Board of Education, 347 u.S. 483 (1954)
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Information that law students search in Internet
- •Unit V. Wrongs and offences. Before you start
- •Part 1. Torts as civil wrongs fundamentals Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Intentional torts
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Exercise 7
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Internet research
- •Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Exercise 14
- •Exercise 15
- •Development Exercise 16
- •Exercise 17
- •4. Note hate crime – преступление на почве ненависти; преступление на почве этнической ненависти
- •Exercise 18
- •Internet research
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How to provide arguments in a dispute
- •Unit VI legal education Before you start
- •Part 1. Becoming an attorney (us) fundamentals
- •How to become a lawyer in the usa
- •Interview with an American attorney
- •Exercise 1
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Exercise 4
- •Development Exercise 5
- •Internet Research
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7.
- •Part 2. Becoming a solicitor or barrister (uk) fundamentals
- •Exercise 8
- •Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Internet research.
- •Exercise 11
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How law students keep up legal correspondence
- •Internship advertisement
- •Unit VII legal professionals Before you start
- •Concept
- •Part 1. Law and law-related professions
- •Exercise 1
- •Fundamentals
- •Exercise 2
- •Exercise 3
- •Development Exercise 4
- •Exercise 5
- •Exercise 6
- •Exercise 7
- •Interview with a Finance Lawyer
- •Exercise 8
- •Part 2. Law firms and legal departments Exercise 9
- •Exercise 10
- •Exercise 11
- •Exercise 12
- •Exercise 13
- •Exercise 14
- •1. Providing legal advice and guidance
- •2. Prosecution of cases in courts and litigation management
- •3. Documentation preparation and drafting
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Part 3. How law professionals keep up legal correspondence
- •Correspondence phrase bank basics
- •The russian federation chapter
- •Bibliography
- •Заключение
Unit V. Wrongs and offences. Before you start
1. If somebody does harm to you – hits you, says something bad about you, unintentionally pushes you, steals something from you etc. – would you:
- do harm to him/her in return?
- demand that he/she compensates you for this harm?
- want him/her to be sentenced and imprisoned?
2. How does law protect people from civil wrongs and criminal offences?
3. What crimes do you most often read about or watch on the screen?
Core Vocabulary 1 tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение, в котором устанавливается мера ответственности лица за проступок и пострадавшему назначается возмещение ущерба
crime – уголовно преследуемое преступление
wrong – проступок, правонарушение offence – нарушение, преступление commit a wrong / an offence – совершить проступок, преступление harm - вред do harm – причинить вред wrongful act – незаконное действие omission of act - бездействие offender – нарушитель закона, преступник wrongdoer – правонарушитель, тот, кто причинил ущерб injury – вред, ущерб, повреждение damage - ущерб damages – возмещение ущерба inflict injury / damage – причинить вред liability – юридическая ответственность за что-либо responsibility - обязанность guilt - вина be liable – быть ответственным be guilty – быть виновным burden of proof – бремя доказывания preponderance of evidence – предпочтительность доказательств guilty beyond a reasonable doubt – виновен без всяких сомнений imprisonment – тюремное заключение victim - жертва duty of care – обязанность проявлять осторожность, бдительность breach of a duty – нарушение обязанности |
CONCEPT
Laws are written to protect people from being harmed by others. Laws against violent crime or negligent injury fall into this category.
The law that specifies and classifies the offences, determines the extent of the inflicted injuries and establishes the requirements to prove the guilt of the offender is the Criminal Law. This law also provides the method of punishment for the convicts.
The law that specifies and classifies the wrongs which one person can intentionally or unintentionally commit and damage another person or his/her property, is the Law of Torts. Under this law any wrongful act or even an omission of act makes the wrongdoer liable for the infliction of harm. So the court can award damages to the injured party
1. Highlight all words and word combinations from Core Vocabulary 1 and the chart below.
2. Check if the text provides the following information: - the function of law; - the specification of Criminal Law; - the specifications of the Law of Torts. |
The following is a chart where torts and crimes are compared
Read it across and then down, each column separately. Look up some words or phrases in Core Vocabulary 1.
TORTS |
CRIMES |
Tort is a wrongful act or omission of act against a person or person’s property |
Crime is a wrong against society |
The parties to tort case are plaintiff (claimant) and defendant |
The parties to criminal case are prosecutor in the name of the government and the defendant |
The burden of proof is on both parties, but the preponderance of evidence is the major factor |
The burden of proof is on the prosecution – guilty beyond a reasonable doubt |
The court decision is usually damages or fine. The winner gets a compensation. |
The court decision (punishment) is usually imprisonment or substantial fines. The victim is not compensated. |
Tort liability is based on the duty of care: breach of this duty intentional or not makes a person liable to another person |
Criminal liability involves three elements: intention, violent act and as a result - harm to another person. |
/ amended from Robert W. Emmerson J.D. Business Law, Barron’s 2004/