Exercise 14

Famous precedent cases

Get to know how precedents work. Some precedents on the past were not only applied in lower courts to help judges in the decision making. The significant higher court decisions changed some procedural matters and even social order. Use a dictionary to find some words you don’t know.

Miranda V. Arizona (1966)

Miranda v. Arizona was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case which established the legal precedent that people who have been arrested by the police cannot confess, or incriminate themselves, under interrogation unless and until they have been informed of certain basic legal rights. This is now known as the Miranda warning, after the name of the defendant in the 1966 case, and currently requires police officers to inform suspects that (in the popularly known formulation) they have the right to remain silent, the right to a lawyer from the very start, and the right to legal aid if they cannot afford their own lawyer, as well as the caution that if they choose not to remain silent, the prosecutor has the right use their own words against them at trial.

Miranda, or Ernesto Miranda, was accused of having raped a girl, captured by police who using threats and beating made him write the confession against himself. After conviction his lawyer later managed to bring the case to the Supreme Court that issued the famous decision.

Gideon V Wainwright (1963)

Gideon was accused of breaking into a poolroom (billiards room) and committed a burglary. Gideon was too poor to pay for a lawyer and asked the court to appoint one for him. The court refused to grant his request stating that lawyers were only provided for those accused of committing capital crimes like murder, rape, etc. Gideon was tried and was forced to defend himself. While in prison Gideon wrote a plea to the Supreme Court and was granted a hearing. At this point he received representation from lawyers who were attracted to his case. Gideon argued that his right to a fair trial was violated.

Gideon's position was upheld. The Court ruled that all citizens must be provided a lawyer if they cannot afford one. This is regardless of the type of crime.

Brown V. Board of Education, 347 u.S. 483 (1954)

Brown v. Board of Education was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. Under that precedential decision lower courts had to decide cases of racial discrimination in favour of the plaintiffs.

The russian federation chapter

Translate the chart into English. Speak about two systems comparing them.

Вопросы для сравнения	Россия	США
Особенности правовой системы	- принадлежность к романо-германской правовой семье - провозглашение привилегию международно-признанных прав человека - деление права на публичное и частное деление права на отрасли и подотрасли	- принадлежность к общему праву - в отдельных штатах под влиянием французской и испанской правовой системы наличие принципов романо-германского права - наличие кодификации - наличие отраслей как областей права
Источники права	- конституция - законы - подзаконные акты - договор о разграничении полномочий между федеральными органами государственной власти РФ и органами государственной власти субъектов РФ - международные правовые акты - правовой обычай	- конституция - законодательные акты конгресса - нормы общего права (прецедент) - законодательные акты штатов как субъектов федерации - нормативные документы муниципального значения
Кодификация законодательства	- собрание законодательства РФ - кодексы, регулирующие отрасли права	- свод законодательства США - своды законодательства отдельных штатов

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© «Учительская газета» №07 (10036) / 2005-02-22

Постоянный адрес статьи:http://www.ug.ru/?action=topic&toid=8418

(редакция автора – Илиади Ю.А.)

PART 3. HOW AND WHERE TO SERACH LEGAL INFORMATION

Core Vocabulary – look through to find out what you know how to translate:

bookmark; host; cache; cookie; hypertext; download; domain name; link; paste; browse, history

mouseover hover over the page

What is behind the following abbreviations?

PDF; URL; XML; html; RSS;

Use online dictionary to check - www.multitran.ru

• Are you a competent Internet user?

• Which English-language-based search engine do you use: GOOGLE.com or YAHOO.com?

• What do you browse the Web for – information, reading matter, films, games (social networks not included here)?

• How do you perform the search? Below are some words and phrases to help you:

• click mouse point type a keyword links address bar navigate select file name

• What user’s action is described here:

You navigate through the links to select the suitable one, then you use the mouse to hover over the page to find the necessary information which you highlight and save clicking “save” on the toolbar. Then you return to your document page and paste the text on to the page.

• What do you use the tool “Bookmarks” or Favourites” for?

• What does the Web page address consist of?

• http www domain name top level domain name html

How to search the Internet

• Find the best combination of key words to locate information you need;

• Enter these in the search engine

• Review the number of options returned.

• If there are too many web sites, add more keywords.

• If there are too few options, narrow/delete some keywords, or substitute other key words

• Review the first pages returned:

• If these are not helpful, review your key words for a better description

Task 1

Search for the word legislation in Internet and find the most suitable brief information.

Use Advanced Search options in search engines

Search options include

• Key word combinations (all words or this exact word or any of these words)

• Locations where key words are found For example: in the title, 1st paragraphs, coded metadata

• Languages to search in

• Region

• Dates web sites were created or updated

• Site or domain

• File type (any, PDF, .xls)

Task 2

Using advanced search find out unfair dismissal precedent case in the option Region click United Kingdom.