Unit 4 england in the 16th century

Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:

Pope, explorer, benefit, mine, treasure, envy, slave, profit, rival, naval, supremacy, to order, to encourage, to load, to defeat.

Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:

1. Spain which had the biggest colonies was Britain’s main … in the sea trade. 2. The Queen secretly … the pirates and received part of their booty (добыча). 3. He sold his house and it brought him great … . 4. The master ordered his …to work harder. 5. The Queen … her subjects (подданные) to go out. 6. The men … the truck with strawberries. 7. The French fleet was … at Trafalgar. 8. The seamen raised the sunken (затонувший) … from the bottom of the sea. 9. His new car made him … of his friends. 10. He was an … of the Alps. 11. They opened a coal … in this district. 12. John like his father is a … officer. 13. There was naval … of Athens over the rest of the Greek states. 14. … is the head of the Roman Catholic Church.

Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1. In the 16th century the long fight between the Pope and the English king came to its culmination. 2. The English seamen had started as explorers later than the Portuguese and Spanish. 3. In the 16th century Spain and Portugal were the great colonial powers. 4. England accumulated power and wealth and was interested in colonial expansion. 5. Queen Elizabeth ordered sea-pirates to raid Spanish treasure ships and towns in the Americas. 6. Spain began to prepare for war against England. 7. The Spanish Armada was completely defeated by the English fleet. 8. The victory of England meant the establishment of English naval supremacy.

Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:

1. Did English king Henry VIII leave the Catholic Church and declare himself head of the Church of England? 2. Did the leaders of the English expedition reach Moscow in the winter of 1553? 3. Did the Spanish fleet cross the Atlantic loaded with treasure? 4. Was John Hawkins the first of Elizabeth's sea-dogs?

Text 1

In the 16th century the long fight between the Pope and the English king came to its culmination. In 1528 English king Henry VIII left the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England. In seven years the Anglican Church was rec­ognized as the official church in the country.

The English seamen had started as explorers later than the Portuguese and Spanish. In the 1550s English merchants made an effort to find northeast way to China. Eventually .they sailed into the White Sea. Although a ship was lost north of Russia, another reached the North Dvina. In the winter of 1553 the leaders of the English expedition reached Moscow and were received by Ivan the Great. Thus trading links were established with Russia and for the next two hundred years Archangelsk was the main trading port with England.

In the 16th century Spain and Portugal were the great colonial powers. Spain enjoyed the benefits of new colonies in the Americas. The mines and plantations here created great riches. Every year, the Spanish fleet crossed the Atlantic loaded with treasure. This aroused the envy of other European countries, especially England.

England accumulated power and wealth and was interested in colonial expansion. So the English monarchs and especially Queen Elizabeth sent the merchants to trade and found overseas settlements, and ordered sea-pirates to raid Spanish treasure ships and towns in the Americas. The European nations - Spain, England, and France - were regularly at war with one another. Each country encouraged pirates to attack its enemies.

John Hawkins was the first of Elizabeth's sea-dogs (as the pirates were called). He took slaves from the west African coast and sold them to Spanish colonists in the West Indies. Queen Elizabeth actively supported slave-traders. The shameful slave trade brought great profits to the English merchants and the Crown.

Francis Drake¹and other sea captains² sailed across the Atlantic, attacked coastal forts, islands, Spanish ships and brought treasure and much gold back to England. With the Spanish gold England built many good strong ships. This made England much stronger on the seas and oceans. England became Spain's main rival.

Spain began to prepare for war against England. A huge fleet of ships was built. It was the famous Armada: there were 130 ships in it. In 1588 the great Spanish Armada sailed into English waters to attack England.

The Spanish ships were very large; the English ships were much smaller, but they could sail faster and the sailors of them were better than the Spanish ones. The Spanish Armada was completely defeated by the English fleet. Only half of Spanish ships came back to their country. It was a great victory for England, though the war continued for some time.

The victory of England meant the establishment of English naval supremacy, which was most important for England to expand its colonies.

¹Sir Francis Drake (1540-96) - for 20 years the English sailor raided treasure ships and Spanish towns in the Americas. In 1580, after more than three years at sea, he became the second man to sail around the world (the first voyage was led by Ferdinand Magellan³. Drake returned from the voyage around the world with his ship the Golden Hind, loaded with silver. Queen Elizabeth I knighted him. Drake helped to defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588. He died on voyage to the West Indies.

²English sea captains who raided Spanish treasure ships were known as privateers⁴ because they sailed under their own flags, even though they were acting on behalf of their country.

³Ferdinand Magellan - Фердинанд (Фернан) Магеллан (ок. 1480-1521), португалец, выдающийся мореплаватель, совершил первое кругосветное путешествие в составе испанской экспедиции в 1519-1521 гг. Испанская экспедиция впервые пересекла воды Тихого океана.

⁴privateer - капер, т. е. капитан, частного вооруженного судна, нападавшего на вражеские торговые суда.

Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:

To declare, official church, to make an effort, trading links, main port, colonial power, great riches, mines and plantations, envy, power and wealth, overseas settlements, to raid treasure ships, to attack the enemies, slave-traders, great profits, huge fleet of ships, sailor, to expand the colonies.

Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:

Предприняли попытку найти северо-восточный путь в Китай; случайно; были приняты Иваном Великим; так были установлены торговые связи с Россией; Англия была заинтересована в; продавал их; активно поддерживала; эта постыдная торговля рабами приносила огромные прибыли; это сделало Англию сильнее; Испания начала готовиться к войне против Англии; Армада потер­пела полное поражение; это была великая победа; установление превосходства Англии на море; англиканская церковь была признана в качестве официальной церкви.

Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:

1. In twenty years the Anglican Church was rec­ognized as the official church in the country. 2. In the 1550s English merchants made an effort to find northeast way to Russia. 3. Spain enjoyed the benefits of new colonies in Africa. 4. So the English monarchs and especially Queen Mary sent the merchants to trade and found overseas settlements.

Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:

1. The shameful slave trade brought great profits to the English merchants and the Crown. 2. John Hawkins took slaves from the west African coast and sold them to Spanish colonists in the West Indies. 3. Spain began to prepare for war against England.

Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:

1. In 1528 English king Henry VIII left the Catholic Church and … . 2. Although a ship was lost north of Russia … 3. Thus trading links were established with Russia and … 4. This aroused the envy of … . 5. The European nations - Spain, England, and France were … . 6. Francis Drake and other sea captains sailed across the Atlantic and attacked … . 7. The English ships were much smaller, but … . 8. It was a great victory for England, though … .

Ex.10 Answer the following questions:

l. How were the trading links established between England and Russia?

2. What was the role of the so called sea-dogs in the policy of Queen Elizabeth?

3. What is called the Armada?

4. What was the result of the Anglo-Spanish conflict?

5. What did the victory of England mean for the country?

Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 4 of the plan in detail.

1. In the 16th century Spain and Portugal were the great colonial powers.

2. Spain began to prepare for war against England.

3. In the 16th century the long fight between the Pope and the English king came to its culmination.

4. Queen Elizabeth ordered sea-pirates to raid Spanish treasure ships and towns in the Americas.

5. The English seamen had started as explorers later than the Portuguese and Spanish.

6. The victory of England meant the establishment of English naval supremacy.

7. England accumulated power and wealth and was interested in colonial expansion.

Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.

Text 2

Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:

Ruler, reign, prisoner, courage, plot, glory, amusement, stable, to execute, to suppress, to flourish.

Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:

1. The revolution overthrew the … of he country. 2. The pilot was taken … by the gunmen for many hours. 3. He … his real tastes till he became the husband of Miss Curtis. 4. Three of the Earl's faithful servants were … at Perth. 5. This park was built for … . 6. A lot of … were devised during Elizabeth’s reign. 6. New Forest in Hampshire was made during the … of William the Conqueror. 7. This soldier was awarded a medal for … . 8. The American economy is a capitalist economy, private enterprises … there. 9. This politician had a … position in the government. 10. Eternal … to our heroes!

Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1. Queen Elizabeth I was one of the strongest rulers in England's history. 2. Like her father, Elizabeth I was a Protestant monarch. 3. She led her country with great cleverness and courage through the difficult and often dangerous times. 4. In 1587, Elizabeth executed her Catholic cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, for her role in the plot against Elizabeth. 5. In 1588, Elizabeth’s navy defeated the Spanish Armada, sent to invade England. 6. During Elizabeth's reign English culture flourished. 7. The theatre became a favourite amusement of people, especially in towns.

Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:

1. Was Queen Elizabeth I was one of the strongest rulers in England's history? 2. Was Queen Elizabeth’s I childhood difficult? 3. Did Elizabeth I lead the country with cleverness and courage? 4. Did Elizabeth’s navy defeat the Spanish Armada, sent to invade England? 5. Did the development of the English language reached the height of its power as an instrument of prose and especially of poetry?