Unit 6 the industrial revolution of the 18th – 19th centuries

1. Translate and memorize the following words:

Network, to provide, empire, steam, wealth, rural, to suffer, to share, to improve, extending, due to.

2. Insert the words from the exercise 1 in the gaps:

1. Britain had the first railroad … built in 1840. 2. It was an age of making the British colonial … . 3. The country landlords were interested in … their lands. 4. The great … and power of England was in the hands of the landed aristocracy. 5. Britain became first country in history to have more people living in towns than in the … areas. 6. … the great changes that took place in Britain it was ready for greater changes in industry. 7. He … his German. 8. You can … from your mistakes. 9. There is no way that we can … another teacher for this class. 10. You can always … your problems with me. 11. … engine is considered an invention of Industrial Revolution.

Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1. As a result, England seriously expanded its colonies in different parts of the world. 2. A big part of the profits of landlords went into industry. 3. New inventions such as steam engine produced goods more quickly than ever before. 4. Steam engine was modified by George Stephenson to drive locomotives.

5. Britain was the first country to start Industrial Revolution. 6. By 1850 Britain owned half the world’s ocean going ships.

Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:

1. How did England expand its colonies and become the world's largest empire? 2. What classes shared the power in the country? 3. What was the condition of the peasants? 4. What changes caused the Industrial Revolution in Britain? 5. What changes did the Industrial Revolution cause in Britain?

Text 1

The 18th century saw Great Britain rapidly growing into a cap­italist country.

It was an age of making the British colonial empire. England waged many wars against its main rivals and made colonial con­quests in different parts of the world. As a result, England seriously expanded its colonies and became the world's largest empire. It included Canada, parts of America, the West Indies and India, togeth­er with some areas of the West African coast. In 1788 Britain began to make a colony in Australia. Moreover, Scotland and Ireland agreed to a union with England and lost their independence.

By the beginning of the 18^U century the great wealth and power of England was in the hands of the landed aristocracy and the big financial bourgeoisie. These classes had their parties - the Tories and the Whigs - and shared their power in Parliament.

The 18th century was the time of the agricultural revolution. The country landlords were interested in extending their lands as much as possible, for land brought large profits. A big part of the profits of landlords went into industry. It was an age of intensive industrial development. New mills and manufactures appeared one after another.

Peasant suffered most in the process. Thousands of them became landless and ruined and had to migrate to the towns. So cheap labour was provided for the factories. Small towns rapidly grew into large cities.

New inventions such as the steam engine produced goods more quickly and cheaply than ever before. More and more people worked in factories and lived in cities.

Due to the great changes that took place in Britain by the mid­dle of the 1700s it was ready for greater changes in industry known as the Industrial Revolution.

In 1769 James Watt, a laboratory assistant from Scotland, created anew type of steam engine. It improved greatly the old Newcomen engine and could be used to drive machines. Later on it was modified by George Stephenson to drive locomotives. In 1825 the first railway was built between Stockton and Darlington in the north of England.

Before the 1800s, most people lived and worked in the villages. But after 1800, the Industrial Revolution caused cities to grow quick­ly. London's population rose from 900,000 in 1800 to 4.7 million in 1900. Britain became the first country in history to have more peo­ple living in towns than in the rural areas.

Britain was the first country to start Industrial Revolution and became the richest country in the world. The Industrial Revolution caused a great increase in production. By 1850 Britain owned half the world's ocean-going ships. Britain had the first railroad network, mostly built in the 1840s. Steam railroads caused a revolution in trav­el. For example, in 1750 it took 10 days to travel from London (England) to Edinburg (Scotland). In 1855 the same journey took 14 hours by steam train.

Ex.5 Look through the text again and translate the following words and word-combinations:

Due to, empire, conquest, improve, profit, independence, provide, share, steam, suffer, wage, agricultural revolution, modify, grow quickly.

Ex.6 Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:

Эпоха создания британской колониальной империи; Англия вела множество войн против своих основных противников; в результате, Англия значительно расширила свои колонии;... согласились на союз с...; потеряли свою независимость; к началу 18-го столетия...; они делили власть в Парламенте; тысячи крестьян оказались разоренными и лишенными земли; oни были вынуждены переселяться в города; ...мог быть использован для приведения в движение машин; ... стала причиной быстрого роста городом; ... вызвала быстрый рост производства.

Ex.7 Correct the statements if necessary:

1. In the 19^th century Great Britain was growing into a capitalist country. 2. In 1788 Britain began to make a colony in Australia. 3. The great power and wealth of England was in hands of landless aristocracy. 4. The 18 the century was the time of the technological revolution. 5. New mills and manufactures appeared. 6. Landlords suffered most in the process of industrial development. 7. The Industrial Revolution causes a great increase in production.

Ex.8 Give questions to which the following sentences are the answers:

1. It was an age of making the British colonial empire. 2. The big financial bourgeoisie and the landed aristocracy had their parties. 3. Peasants suffered in the process. 4. In 1769 James Watt created a new type of steam engine. 5. By 1850 Britain owned half the world’s oceangoing ships.

Ex.9 Use the text to enlarge the given statements:

1. England seriously expanded … . 2. Scotland and Ireland agreed … . 3. The country landlords were interested in … . 4. Small towns rapidly grew into … . 5. In 1825 the first railway … . 6. London’s population rose… . 7. Britain became the first country…

Ex.10 Answer the following questions:

1. What were the colonies of Great Britain?

2. Which countries agreed to a union with England?

3. What were the parties formed by the upper classes?

4. Into what did a big part of the profit of landlords go?

5. Were there many people working in factories?

6. Why was Britain ready for greater changes in industry by the middle of the 1700s?

7. What country was the first to start the Industrial Revolution?

Ex.11 Reorder the items of the plan according to the logic of the text. Describe item 6 of the plan in detail. 1. Steam engine was modified by George Stephenson to drive locomotives.

2. By 1850 Britain owned half the world’s ocean going ships.

3. As a result, England seriously expanded its colonies in different parts of the world.

4. New inventions such as steam engine produced goods more quickly than ever before.

5. A big part of the profits of landlords went into industry.

6. Britain was the first country to start Industrial Revolution.

Ex.12 Give a written summary of the text in 5-7 sentences.

Text 2

Ex.1 Translate and memorize the following words:

Enlighten, enlightener, enlightenment, genre, ignorant, represent, representative, progress, to defend, flourishing, to shape, literary, majority

Ex.2 Insert the words from exercise 1 in the gaps:

1. Have you done any … in learning English? 2. The soldiers … the country. 3. That century was … with outstanding people. 4. ... of native people is the main task of the Government. 5. Don’t be …. You are the … of our school. 6. Children … the sand into the castle. 7. The … of students were present in the classroom.

Ex.3 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1. The 18th century was remarkable for the development of science and culture. 2 It is represented by many great names. 3. The Enlighteners defended the interests of the common people. 4. The central problem of the Enlightenment ideology was that of man and his nature. 5. The leading literary genre of the period became novel.

Ex.4 Read the text and give answers to the following questions:

1. When did Britain become a powerful country? 2. What are the great representatives of English painting of the 18^th century? 3. How is the 18th century known in the history? 4. Were there many journals and newspapers published? 5. What were the inventions of this period?