Причастие

Причастие – неличная форма глагола, обладающая признаками глагола, прилагательного и наречия. В русском языке английскому причастию соответствует как причастие, так и деепричастие.

Как и глагол, причастие в английском языке имеет формы времени (а причастие переходных глаголов имеет также формы страдательного залога) и может определяться наречием:

A well-bred woman does nothing which shall make people talk of her. – Хорошо воспитанная женщина не делает ничего такого, что может заставить людей говорить о ней (обсуждать ее).

Как и прилагательное, причастие может выполнять в предложении функции определения и именной части сказуемого:

The first International Conference of Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War held in March 1981 was attended by doctors from 11 countries. – На Первой Международной конференции «Врачи за предотвращение ядерной войны», проведенной в марте 1981 года, присутствовали врачи из 11 стран.

Формы причастия представлены в табл. 10.

Таблица 10

Формы причастия

Форма причастия	Непереходные глаголы	Переходные глаголы
	Действительный залог	Действительный залог	Страдательный залог
Present Participle	going	asking	being asked
Past Participle	gone	–	asked
Perfect Participle	having gone	having asked	having been asked

The Present Participle (Participle I)

Причастие настоящего времени образуется путем прибавления суффикса -ing к инфинитиву глагола без частицы to:

to play (играть) – playing (играющий);

to read (читать) – reading (читающий).

Перед суффиксом -ing одна согласная, если она стоит после краткой ударной гласной, удваивается:

to get (получать) – getting, to compel (заставлять) – compelling,

to run (бегать) – running, to prefer (предпочитать) – preferring.

В глаголах to die – умирать, to lie – лежать, to tie – связывать буква i перед суффиксом -ing переходит в у:

to die – dying – умирающий, умирая;

to lie – lying – лежащий, лежа (лгущий, обманывая);

to tie – tying – связывающий, связывая.

Причастие настоящего времени переводится на русский язык либо действительным причастием настоящего времени, либо деепричастием.

The Past Participle (Participle II)

Причастие прошедшего времени правильных глаголов образуется путем прибавления суффикса -(e)d к инфинитиву глагола без частицы to. Читается этот суффикс так же, как суффикс -(e)d прошедшего неопределенного времени правильных глаголов:

to finish (заканчивать) – finished (законченный);

to civilize (цивилизовать) – civilized (цивилизованный).

Причастие прошедшего времени неправильных глаголов чаще всего образуется путем изменения корневой гласной или всей основы глагола:

to write (писать) – written (написанный);

to see (видеть) – seen (увиденный);

to teach (обучать) – taught (обученный, обучаемый).

В словарях после неопределенной формы неправильных глаголов обычно даются формы прошедшего неопределенного времени и причастия прошедшего времени.

На русский язык причастие прошедшего времени обычно переводится страдательным причастием совершенного или несовершенного вида.

The Perfect Participle

Перфектное причастие выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. Оно образуется от причастия настоящего времени глагола to have – having и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола.

На русский язык перфектное причастие переводится чаще всего деепричастием совершенного вида:

to say (говорить) – having said (сказав);

to write (писать) – having written (написав).

Функции причастий в предложении

Причастие настоящего времени может употребляться в предложении в следующих функциях:

1. Именной части сказуемого:

I looked at the bookshelf: one book was missing.

2. Определения:

Women from 111 countries and belonging to 132 national organisations took part in the meeting in Prague in 1986.

3. Обстоятельств (обычно в форме причастного оборота):

a) обстоятельства времени:

Coming to the stadium they found the game in full swing.

Be careful while crossing the street.

b) обстоятельства образа действия или сравнения:

“No,” he answered shaking his head.

Talking and laughing the students ran out of the building.

с) обстоятельства причины:

Knowing English well he was able to read this magazine.

Being well-prepared he answered readily.

Having plenty of time I didn’t hurry.

В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to be причастие настоящего времени образует формы продолженных времен:

In a large, hot, richly furnished drawing room two women were sitting.

В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to be причастие прошедшего времени образует формы страдательного залога:

The flat of Hercule Poirot was furnished in a modern style.

В сочетании с формами вспомогательного глагола to have причастие прошедшего времени образует формы совершенных времен:

Europe has twice last century been the scene of a destructive war that has spread to global proportion.

Перфектное причастие употребляется в предложении в функции обстоятельств:

Having done the question-and-answer exercises, the students began to write a composition.

Exercise 1. Соотнесите причастия с существительными. Обратите внимание на употребление артиклей. Переведите словосочетания.

A	В
1) dancing	a) paper
2) reading	b) partner
3) boiling	c) machine
4) hiding	d) camps
5) writing	e) job
6) crying	f) baby
7) chewing	g) water
8) washing	h) glasses
9) searching	i) question
10) demanding	j) gum
11) training	k) place

Exercise 2. Соотнесите причастия с существительными. Обратите внимание на употребление артиклей. Переведите словосочетания.

A	В
1) spoilt	a) door
2) worn out	b) eyes
3) given	c) test
4) locked	d) people
5) written	e) child
6) made-up	f) house
7) educated	g) clothes
8) published	h) jeans
9) broken	i) hair
10) haunted	j) information
11) torn	k) articles
12) dyed	1) marriage

Exercise 3. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в форму Participle I или Participle II.

1. (grow) interest 12. a (complicate) explanation

2. an (excite) child 13. a (terrify) experiment

3. (worry) problem 14. (well-pay) job

4. a (pass) bus 15. a (burn) barn

5. an (excite) story 16. a (steal) car

6. (fly) fish 17. (run) water

7. a (freeze) lake 18. (blind) light

8. a (break) heart 19. a (die) soldier

9. a (cheer) crowd 20. a (swim) lesson

10. a (destroy) church 21. long (play) records

11. the (follow) chapter

Exercise 4. Выберите между Participle I и Participle II.

1. I must have the mixer (fixing / fixed). 2. I don’t find this story (amusing / amused). 3. My room is a mess. I really must get it (tidying / tidied) up. 4. I would stay at home after such a (tiring / tired) day. 5. Uncle Frank has a gentle old horse (naming / named) Pete on his farm. 6. Can you smell something (burning / burned)? 7. He opened the letter with (shaking / shaken) fingers. 8. She had rather a (pleasing / pleased) look on her face. 9. Deeply (shocking / shocked) I left them. 10. When (answering / answered) your question yesterday I forgot this fact. 11. He walked along the road with his collar (turning / turned) up, hands in pockets. 12. I didn’t enjoy the party because I was (boring / bored) there. 13. Why not throw away the (breaking / broken) umbrella we are not likely to repair it. 14. She didn’t pay any attention to the (ringing / rung) telephone. 15. Don’t you think your hair needs (cutting / cut)? 16. Can you think of the name of an animal (beginning / begun) with “B”?

Exercise 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите форму и функцию причастий.

1. Smiling girls are nice. 2. Bought in a good shop, the jacket was nice. 3. Being in the room, I could listen to the discussion. 4. We could see a broken cup on the table. 5. If corrected the information may be of some interest. 6. The girl sitting at the table is my cousin. 7. Taking part in the competition, I shall be able to win the prize. 8. I like boiled potatoes. 9. They had conflicting reports. 10. Playing football, I broke my leg.

Exercise 6. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите форму и функцию причастий.

1. The work will be good, if done properly. 2. I made acquaintance with her dancing in the hall. 3. We saw a house built two hundred years ago. 4. All the students taking part in the competition were from our academy. 5. A present is dearer if given in time. 6. Going along the street, I met my friend. 7. I like the dancing girl. 8. The book bought for me by my friend was not interesting. 9. Doing the work, I got tired. 10. The invited boys were too noisy.

Exercise 7. Перестройте предложения согласно образцу. Выполните перевод.

Example: I finished the dusting, and then I sat down and listened to some

music. – Having finished the dusting, I sat down and listened to

some music.

1. I did all the homework, and then I went out for a walk with my friends. 2. Joan locked all the doors, and then she went to bed. 3. He had a shower, and then he had a light breakfast. 4. My father broke all this bad news, and then he sank down to his chair and put his face on his arms. 5. She made a decision to break off with Greg, and then she felt better. 6. They passed all their exams, and then they arranged a party.

Exercise 8. Перестройте предложения согласно образцу.

Example: I felt ill at ease because I didn't know the answer.

– Not knowing the answer, I felt ill at ease.

1. I returned the book to the library because I had finished it. 2. Because he was a language student, he was naturally interested in linguistics. 3. As I don't like classical music, I didn't go to the concert. 4. Because he is a child of a very prominent businessman, he is too arrogant and selfish. 5. Because they had gone to bed so late the night before, they felt quite tired the next day. 6. As he knew that he wouldn't be able to buy food on his journey, he took large supplies with him.

Exercise 9. Эта история содержит причастия и причастные обороты. Поставьте глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.

Example: (lock) the garage, he went into the house, (turn) on the lights as he opened the door. – Having locked the garage, he went into the house, turning on the lights as he opened the door.

1 (eat) a good breakfast, Mr. Black left the house, 2 (say) good-bye to his wife and 3 (remind) her that he would come home late. 4 (walk) along the road, he ran into his neighbour, Mr. Lloyds, also 5 (go) to the station. 6 (greet) him in a friendly fashion, Mr. Black remarked that the weather was marvellous, but Mr. Lloyds, 7 (not sleep) well and 8 (feel) bad-tempered, answered angrily that it was too hot. Mr. Black 9 (enjoy) his energetic walk and 10 (be) in a merry mood, suggested that his companion should take off his warm overcoat. 11 (frown), Mr. Lloyds replied that, 12 (put) on his overcoat and 13 (fear) that it would rain by evening, he preferred wearing it to carrying it. 14 (consider) himself offended, Mr. Black continued his walk in silence, 15 (observe) to himself that what Mr. Lloyds needed was a good breakfast.

Exercise 10. Перестройте предложения, используя причастный оборот. Обратите внимание на одновременность действий или их несовпадение.

Examples: a) Jane woke up. She was feeling terrible. –

Jane woke up feeling terrible.

b) I finished the dusting, and then I sat down and listened to some music. –

Having finished the dusting, I sat down and listened to some music.

1. I did all the homework, and then I went out for a walk with my friends. 2. Mark arrived at the examination hall. He was feeling very nervous. 3. She sat at her desk. She was trying to finish her essay for Professor Adams. 4. Joan locked all the doors, and then she went to bed. 5. He had a shower, and then he had a light breakfast. 6. Julia relaxed. She was reading the morning paper. 7. They walked down the street. They were talking. 8. The man drove along. He was listening to his car radio. 9. He sat back in the armchair. He was smoking a cigarette.

UNIT 17