2 Word - Building

2.1 Form adjectives by adding suffixes:

a) - ive to verbs

create + ive = creative - твоpческий

attract + ive = attractive - пpивлекательный

progress, act, collect, administrate, express, effect.

b) - al to nouns and adjectives

continent + al = continental - континентальный

historic + al = historical - истоpический

colony, music, nature, origin, experiment, culture, emotion, person, struc-ture, industry, economic

c) - ous to verbs and nouns

fame + ous = famous - известный, знаменитый

advantage + ous = advantageous - выгодный

continue, mystery, harmony, vary, gas, monotony, mountain

2.1.1 Translate the following word - combinations:

a famous designer; creative work; continental breakfast; an expressive speech; mysterious events; an experimental laboratory; an industrial revolution; various models; personal attitude; attractive appearance; an original plan; an original design; historical books; mountainous country.

2.1.2 Form nouns by adding suffixes

a) - ship to nouns

lord + ship = ( Your/his ) Lordship - ( Ваше/его)

1) светлость; 2) власть, господство

comrade + ship = comradeship - товарищеские отношения

friend, champion, hard, leader.

b) - ence, - ance to verbs. Mind the change of stress in

some words. Work with a dictionary.

differ + ence = difference - отличие, pразличие

annoy + ance = annoyance - pаздpажение, досада

depend, reside, prefer, attend, refer, assist, confer, appear, disappear, compete, emerge.

2.1.3 Translate the words with suffixes in the context of the sentences.

1) She doesn’t like mysterious stories.

2) Russia gives economic assistance to former Soviet Republics.

3) Alla Pugachyova made her first appearance in public in 1975.

4) Original designs of avant garde designers often cause annoyance of the people above 40.

5) You should make reference to a dictionary.

6) The world championship in football was held in Spain.

7) Some jobs are monotonous and dull.

8) The leadership of the country doesn’t pay much attention to the economical problems.

3 Vocabulary. Lexical Exercises

Nouns and noun combinations

(to be learnt)

glance - взгляд

influence - влияние

mood - настроение

origin - происхождение

region - район, область

society - общество

tatters - лохмотья

a tailored costume / suit - английский костюм

value - ценность

variation - различие

uniformity - единообразие

Verbs and Verbal Phrases

to announce - заявлять, сообщать

to be likely - вероятно, по всей вероятности

to communicate - общаться

to deal with - иметь дело с

to disappear - исчезать

to follow - следовать

to give a birth - дать начало, стать местом появления

to lack - недоставать, не хватать

to treat - обращаться с кем-либо

Adjectives

ancient - древний

apt - склонный к

complex - сложный

current - нынешний, текущий

expressive - выразительный

filthy - грязный

inseparable - неразделимый, неотделимый

miserable= unhappy - несчастливый, несчастный

ridiculous - смешной, нелепый

same - тот же самый; одинаковый

Adverbs

ill at ease - неловко, не по себе

long before - задолго до того, как

mainly - главным образом

shabbily dressed - бедно одетый

3.1 Make sure that you remember the new words and word combinations.

a) Give Russian equivalents to: a complex problem; from the ancient times; a tendency towards a uniformity of style; our current mood; shabbily dressed people; a clean well-pressed suit; filthy tatters; expensive fashionable clothes; to lack good taste; to feel ill at ease; from the first glance; groups of the society; the famous tailored costume; long before you speak; to treat somebody badly.

b) Give English equivalents to: различия между регионами; хорошее настроение; текущие события; иметь дело с работниками сферы обслуживания; сильное влияние; чувствовать себя несчастным; те же проблемы общества; следовать моде; влияние французской моды; неотъемлемая часть жизни людей; выглядеть нелепо в модной одежде; общаться друг с другом; культурные ценности; положить начало новому направлению в моде.

3.1.1 Translate the following word combinations into Russian. Use 10 of them (to your choice) in the sentences of your own.

a) Clothes of rich people; clothes of poor people; national clothes; modern clothes; the language of clothes; shabby clothes; clean well pressed clothes; tasteless clothes; expensive fashionable clothes; filthy tatters; clothes for summer/winter wear; clothes for women; clothes for men; clothes for children; home clothes; variations in clothing; uniform; tailor-made garments; light clothes; the cultural value of clothes; principles of clothes designing; to wear clothes.

b) National costume; Egyptian costume; Greek and Roman draped costumes; summer costume; the type of costume.

3.1.2 Identify the word in each row that differs from the other words.

1) a. cloth, b. clothes, c. clothing, d. garment, e. tatters.

2) a. stronger, b. warmer, c. wearer, d. poorer, e. earlier.

3) a. social, b. cultural, c. national, d. fashionable, e. emotional (values).

4) a. person, b. people, c. human being, d. man, e. wearer.

5) a. through, b. towards, c. among, d. always, e. under.

6) a. communicate, b. climate, c. dictate, d. create, e. dominate.

3.1.3 Identify the word combination that differs from the others. Pay attention to the international words.

1) Well-made beautiful clothes

2) the trend associated with Elegance

3) financial and business pages of the world’s press

4) good dress sense and plenty of initiative

5) an interesting combination of avant garde and traditional ideas

6) forecasting ability to develop styling concept and design ideas

7) fashion and style in clothes

8) the influence of the English fashion in Europe.

3.1.4 Add adjectives and adverbs to the following verbs. Give your variants. Reproduce the word combinations by memory.

a) Practise in combining words.

to feel: ill, cold, happy, bad, well, hungry, sad, ill at ease, comfortable, ... .

to become: strong(stronger); famous; cold(colder); green(greener); more expensive; more beautiful; poor(poorer); ... .

b) Add adjectives and nouns to the words given below. Follow the examples.

The ... language(of) ... : the English ~ ; the foreign ~ ; the ancient ~ ; the ~ of gestures; the written ~ ; the spoken ~ ; ... .

The influence of ... (on): clothes; the language; weather, fashion, parents; the profession ... .

3.1.5 Fill in the blanks with the correct word or word group given in brackets.

(information; gave a birth; glance; influence; uniform; wearer; countries; treated; dictate; keep their shape; tatters)

1) Officers, soldiers, pilots, militiamen and policemen wear a ______.

2) The draped type of clothes known as Greek and Roman costumes appeared in warm _______.

3) England ________ to the famous tailored costume.

4) Clothes can tell us much about a _______.

5) Mr. Johnson’s suits always _______well because he chooses expensive fabrics for them.

6) We often give _______ about ourselves through what we are wearing.

7) The _______ of clothes on the feelings of a person is very strong.

8) A man in good clothes is likely to be _______ better than a man in filthy _______.

9) Do France and Italy _______ fashion in Europe today?

10) You can find out from the first _______ what kind of person you are dealing with.

3.1.6 Respond to these statements orally.

1) Name five things you can wear.

2) Name clothes you can do without.

3) Name clothes you can’t do without.

4) Name the factors you have to take into account when buying or making fashionable clothes.

5) Name the feelings the clothes can arouse.

6) Name some changes in clothing in our century.

7) Name the kind of information we announce about ourselves through our clothes.

4 Text

4.1 Look through the text and identify the paragraphs and sentences which help to understand the title of the text and its main idea.

The Language of Clothes

The history of clothing is very complex and as long as the history of human civilization. Clothing doesn’t only cover the human body and keeps people warm or cool; it also has its social, cultural and emotional values. Clothes of poor people in Russia, England, France, Spain or China as well as in many other countries always differed greatly from clothes of rich people. From the ancient times clothing showed the social status of a person, his occupation, ideal, taste and sometimes social ideas the person followed. At the same time clothes have shown variations between one country or one region and another.

There was no uniformity of style in clothes as it is today. Many countries had their national costumes and created their fashions. In the 17 ^th century France dictated fashion in Europe but in the 18-19 ^th centuries the influence of the English fashion became stronger and stronger especially in the fashion for men. England gave a birth to the famous tailored costume with its elegant lines which is still very popular. We may say that the country dominating in Europe dictated fashion and style in clothes but mainly among the aristocracy.

Has anything changed in our century? Today the variations in clothing are disappearing and there is a tendency towards a uniformity of style. The fashion became international.

But clothing as it was earlier can tell people very much about a wearer.

Long before we are near enough to talk on the street, in a meeting or at a party we announce our sex, age and class through what we are wearing - and often give information (or misinformation) about our occupation, origin, personality, tastes and our current mood.

For thousands of years human beings have communicated with one another first in the language of dress. Shabbily dressed people are more apt to be treated shabbily. A man in a clean well pressed suit is likely to be helped up sooner than one in filthy tatters.

A person can look ridiculous in expensive fashionable clothes if he follows fashion without taking into account his age, occupation, figure or colour combinations, i. e. when he lacks good taste.

Being an inseparable part of human life clothes can make a person feel happy and self-confident or miserable, unhappy and ill at ease. The influence of clothes on the feelings of a person is very strong.

Very often, as it was mentioned above, you can find out from the first glance what kind of person you are dealing with; what group of the society he belongs to; what ideas he follows. The language of clothes is very expressive and you should learn it!

4.1.1 Read the text for detailed comprehension. a) Express the main idea of each paragraph in one or two sentences. b) Say why the author use such words as: a person, a man, a wearer, a human being, human beings in most sentences of the text. c) Say what information in the text is new to you.

4.1.2 Complete the sentences using the text.

1) There was no uniformity of style in clothes (как в наши дни).

2) The history of clothing is very complex and (такая же длинная, как и история человеческой цивилизации).

3) Many countries had their national costumes and (создавали свою моду).

4) Today the variations in clothing are disappearing and (наблюдается тенденция к единообразию стиля).

5) Very often, as it was mentioned above, you can find out from the first glance (с каким человеком вы имеете дело; к какой группе общества он принадлежит).

6) A person can look ridiculous in expensive fashionable clothes (если ему недостаёт хорошего вкуса).

7) England gave a birth to the famous tailored costume with its elegant lines (который всё ещё популярен).

8) In the 17 ^th century France dictated fashion in Europe but in the 18-19 ^th centuries (влияние английской моды становилось всё сильнее и сильнее, особенно в одежде для мужчин).

4.1.3 Let’s discuss some ideas connected with the text. Use the conversational formulas given below.

a) 1) Do you agree that clothing has its social, cultural and emotional values?

2) Do you agree that the country dominating in Europe dictated fashion and style in clothes in the past? And how are things going now?

Do you agree that: a) A person can look ridiculous in expensive fashionable clothes. b) The influence of clothes on the feelings of a person is very strong. c) A person in good clothes will be helped sooner than one in filthy tatters.

3) Do you agree that we can give not only information but misinformation as well about ourselves? Prove your position by some examples.

______________________________________________________________

It goes without saying that; I can’t agree with the fact that; On the contrary; It seems doubtful to me (Мне это кажется сомнительным).

b) Let’s speak about clothes in general.

1) Can we say that all people follow the fashion of the period? Can you see people in clothes of the beginning of the 20^th century or the 20-s or 30-s in the streets of the towns and villages today?

2) What influenced the style of clothes in different parts of the world in the past?

3) Why do people living in the south wear brighter clothes than people living in the north. (Compare St. Petersburg and Tashkent). Does the climate influence the choice of colours in clothing?

4) What kind of people usually follow the fashion?

5) Why do some young people prefer avant garde and often strange and ridiculous clothes? What do you think of their interests and education? What do they want to announce?

6) Why do the soldiers of different armies always wore and wear now different uniforms?

7) What do you think of the uniforms for pupils at schools and students at universities and academies? Are you for or against them? Explain your position.

4.1.4 Practise in translating the word combinations with the words ‘some’ and ‘same’ which are often confused.

1) some groups of the society - the same groups of the society

2) some jobs - the same jobs

3) some specialists - the same specialists

4) at some dressmaking establishment - at the same dressmaking establishment

5) some social ideas - the same social ideas

6) some expensive suits - the same expensive suits

7) some professions - the same professions

8) in some streets - in the same streets

4.1.5 Choose the right word combination to make up sentences corresponding to real situations.

1) If you can’t make dresses yourself you may have them made to order at (some dressmaking establishment; the same dressmaking establishment).

2) People can buy clothes for women, men and children in (some shop; the same shop).

3) In some European cities the fashionable shops are in (some streets; the same street).

4) In England of the beginning of the 15^th century shops selling (some types of goods; the same type of goods) were in (some street; the same street).

5) From the ancient times clothing showed the social status of a person and his occupation. At (some time; the same time) clothes have shown variations between one country or one region and another.

6) The influence of (some social and political ideas; the same social and political ideas) on clothes can be very strong.

7) People in (some fashionable clothes; the same fashionable clothes) may look quite different.

8) In ancient times people in different countries and regions didn’t wear (some clothes; the same clothes).

9) (Some uniforms; the same uniforms) aren’t worn by Russian officers and soldiers and American ones.

10) (some Russian designers; the same Russian designers) are as famous as (some European ones; the same European ones).

4.1.6 Before reading the selections about clothes given in exercise 5.1.7 learn the italicised words:

apparel = clothes = garment = clothing = dress; to beg - умолять; bell - колокольчик; to cause - заставлять; churchman - священник; to comprehend - понимать; dagger - кинжал; domestic - домашний; fair - белокурый; to fasten - застёгивать; heavy - soled shoes - туфли на толстой подошве; inequality - неравенство; to line - класть на подкладку, подбивать; plain - 1) простой; 2) однотонный (о ткани); to reveal - открывать, показывать; ring - кольцо; serf - раб; state - состояние; stern - суровый; striped and crossed pattern - рисунок в клетку (о ткани); sword - меч; upper - верхний; weapon - оружие.

Clothes (parts of clothes) Decorations (trimmings)

belt - ремень, пояс bracelet - браслет

cloak - плащ button - пуговица

collar - воротник chain - цепочка; цепь

cuff - манжета clasp - пряжка

fedora hat - мягкая фетровая шляпа seal - печатка

glove - перчатка tape - тесьма; лента

robe - мантия

shirt bosom - манишка

shirt of linked mail - кольчуга

sleeve - рукав

tight-fitting suit - костюм, плотно облегающий фигуру

veil - вуаль

vest - жилет (ка)

Parts of the body Materials

elbow - локоть brass - латунь, жёлтая медь

finger - палец fur - 1) мех; 2) отделывать мехом

foot (feet) - нога, ступня gold - золото

knee - колено leather - кожа

leg - нога leathern - кожаный

neck - шея linen - лён

shoulder - плечо silk - шёлк

throat - горло silver - серебро

waist - талия skin - шкура животного

wool - шерсть

Colours

crimson - тёмно-красный

forest green - цвет зелени (леса)

pale - бледный; неяркий

pink - розовый

purple - пурпурный; близкий к фиолетовому (US)

scarlet - алый

tan - рыжевато-коричневый

4.1.7 Read the selections.

1) Guess :

a) to what social groups the people belong; if they are poor or rich;

b) what century and country they lived; identify the words that helped you;

c) translate the sentences with ‘ some’, ‘same’. Use dictionary if necessary.

2) What ideas expressed in the text ‘The Language of Clothes’ do the selections prove?

1 Cedric the Saxon wore a tunic of forest green, furred at the throat, which hung over a close scarlet dress. His feet were in sandals with gold clasps. He had bracelets of gold upon his arms and a broad collar of the same metal round his neck. A short sword hung perpendicularly by his side.

2 The elder of these men had a stern wild aspect. His dress was very simple-a long jacket with sleeves made of the skin of some animal, a broad leathern belt with a horn and a long broad knife at the waist. He had sandals on his feet but his head was bare. His thick hair was of a dark - red colour forming a contrast with his long yellow beard. The man had a brass ring, like a dog’s collar, round his neck with the inscription “Jurth, the son of Beowulph, is the born serf of Celtic of Rotherwood”.

3 The other person was about ten years younger in appearance, whose dress was of better materials and more fantastic. His jacket was bright purple; his short crimson cloak was lined with yellow. He had silver bracelets upon his arms, and on his neck was a collar of the same metal with the inscription: “Wamba, the son of Witless, is the serf of Cedric of Rotherwood”. He had a cap with bells on it, which jingled as he turned his head to one side or another. It was the dress of a domestic clown or jester.

4 The companion of the churchman was a man past forty, thin, strong, tall and muscular. On his head he wore a scarlet cap, faced with fur. His upper dress was a long scarlet mantle, with a white cross on his right shoulder. Under his mantle was a shirt of linked mail, with sleeves and gloves of the same material. His knees and feet were protected by thin plates of steel and his legs were also covered with linked mail. A long dagger was the only weapon about this person.

5 Rowena was tall and formed in the best proportions of her sex. She was fair and her clean blue eyes seemed capable of commanding as well as of begging. Her beautiful hair was arranged in free locks. A gold chain hung round her neck and she wore gold bracelets on her arms. Her dress was of pale sea-green silk, over which hung a long crimson robe, with a veil of silk attached to the upper part of it.

6 His suit was of a striped and crossed pattern of brown wool, new at that time, but since became familiar as a business suit. The low crotch of the vest revealed a stiff shirt bosom of white and pink stripes. From his coat sleeves protruded a pair of linen cuffs of the same pattern, fastened with large, gold plate buttons set with the common yellow agates known as “cat’s-eyes”. His fingers bore several rings - one, the ... heavy seal - and from his vest dangled a neat gold watch chain ... . the whole suit was rather tight-fitting, and was finished off with heavy-soled tan shoes, highly polished, and the grey fedora hat.

7 A woman should some day write the complete philosophy of clothes. No matter how young, it is one of the things she wholly comprehends. There is a faint line in the matter of man’s apparel which somehow divides for her those who are worth glancing at and those who are not. There is another line at which the dress of a man will cause her to study her own ... . She became conscious of an inequality. Her own plain blue dress, with its black cotton tape trimmings, now seemed to her shabby. She felt the worn state of her shoes.

4.1.8 Read the text and ask “Wh” - questions for the partner to answer and to discuss the main points of the text. Think of its title.

New words: to be at a loss - быть в растерянности; to alter - переделывать; straight - прямой; to match - гармонировать (по цвету); skillful - искусный, умелый; to be proud - гордиться.

Kathy Fillmore was giving a party Saturday night and invited Milly to this party. Her mother, Nora, was at a loss. Their family was poor but Milly must have a new dress, Nora thought. When a girl is young and she goes to her first party with the first boy that she really likes, she should have a new dress. Nora was sorry she had no money saved to buy her daughter a new dress. The following days Milly came home as early as she could and sat up until almost two, altering the blue dress. When it was finished, it did not look the same dress. It was tight - fitting, open at the neck, with a straight skirt. The sleeves were short and it fitted Milly wonderfully. The belt was a darker colour and it matched the dress very well. Milly put some flowers on, and that turned the dress into a real piece of beauty.

In her heart Nora was proud that her daughter’s skillful hands had turned the dress into something that looked no worse than the dresses worn by the girls that came from rich families.