(Total Score – 76 points) unit 2 (Total Score – 71 points) rivets and riveting

I. Read and memorize the following words: (Score – 41 points)

rivet	заклепка (нют), клепати
riveting	клепка
to join	єднати
plate	пластина, плита, лист, плющити
to suit	задовольняти, забезпечувати
malleable	ковкий
copper	мідь
brass	латунь
iron	залізо
room	місце
snaphead	напівкругла заклепка
round head	напівкругла голівка (заклепки)
panhead	поддон, сковородоподібна голівка
countersink	потайний
flush	потік, на одному рівні
flathead	плоска голівка
tinplate	біла жерсть
arrangement	розміщення, розташування
to ensure	забезпечити
lap	нахлестка, перекриття, накладка
butt joints	з’єднання встик, впритул
rivet shank	тіло заклепки
oversize	збільшений розмір
guide	напрямний пристрій (направляющий)
reverse	зворотня сторона
punch	штамп, пуансон
to clamp	клепати
hole	отвір
to drill	свердлити
to line up	вирівнювати, центрувати, правильно установлювати
rough	шорсткий, нерівний
to expand	розширяти(ся)
rivet set	обжим для заклепок (комплект)
to fit	пристосовувати
cupped	чашеподібний
dolly	(підтримка) для заклепок
vice	лещата
whilst = while	поки, в той час як
strike	удар
plein = peen	гостра сторона молотка, клепати
snap	обжим

Rivets and Riveting

Rivets are used as a permanent method of joining metal sheet or plate. A variety of rivet head shapes are produced to suit different types of work and the rivets themselves are made in various malleable metals; e.g. iron, steel, copper, brass and aluminum.

The rivets shown in the diagram opposite are those which are more commonly used:

Snaphead. The snap head is used for joining sheet and plate metal where there is room for the rounded heads and will make a strong joint.

Panhead. The pan head rivet is used where the shape of the head is required as a decorative feature.

Mushroomhead. The mushroom head rivet is used where the space for the head is limited and for neat appearance.

Countersink head. The countersink head rivet can be used if the metal is thick enough to be countersunk to give a completely flush surface.

Flathead. The flathead is mainly used for tinplate work and the joining of other thin sheet materials.

When joining metal sheets or plates together there are various arrangements in which the rivets may be positioned to ensure a strong joint. Shown opposite are the single riveted lap joint and the single riveted butt joint, in which the rivets are centred along a line which is at a distance of 1.5 D from the edge of the material. ( D is the diameter of the rivet shank) the distance between the rivet centres themselves should be three times the diameter.

A general guide to the diameter of rivet that should be used for a particular job is that the rivet diameter should be I .1/2 times the thickness of the material to be joined. When it is not possible to obtain a rivet of exactly this size a slightly oversize rivet should be used. A guide is also required for the amount of rivet length that is needed on the reverse of the work to enable the correct shape of head to be formed:

Snaphead 1.50 D

Countersink 0.75 D

Flathead 0.50 D

Brass, copper and aluminum rivets are worked cold, as the materials are relatively soft and indeed iron and steel rivets are also worked cold when the work is on a small scale. However, larger diameter steel rivets will require heating to red to enable the head shape to be formed.

The stages in forming snap head and countersink head rivets are shown in the diagrams opposite:

1. The positions for the rivets are marked out and centre punched onto one piece of metal. The two pieces to be joined are then clamped firmly together so that the holes may be drilled through both pieces, to ensure that they line up. For light riveting work the size of the hole should be equal to the diameter of the rivet which is to be used and after drilling any rough edges around the holes should be cleaned so that the two pieces of metal can come completely together.

2. When the rivet has been cut neatly to length and inserted through the holes the metal sheets are forced tightly together by striking a rivet set which fits over the shank of the rivet. The head of a snap rivet is cupped in a dolly which is held in a vice to enable this to be done whilst the countersink rivet is merely placed on a flat surface.

3. Sharp blows onto the end of the rivet shank with the flat of a hammer will cause the rivet to expand and grip the sheets together, the forming of the rivet head being carried out with the ball pein of the hammer as shown.

4. The shaping of the countersink rivet is complete when it lies flush with the surface of the material, the final blows being made with the flat of a hammer. To complete the shaping of a snap head a snap is hammered down onto the rivet to finally round the head.