Обороты there is / there are

Оборот с вводящей конструкцией there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета, лица или явления в определенном месте или в определенное время. Иными сло-вами, с помощью этого оборота мы локализуем нечто в определенном, чаще всего замкнутом (хотя и не всегда – физическом) пространстве:

There are some people in the room. – В комнате находится несколько людей (некоторое количество людей в замкнутом пространстве комнаты).

There is an idea in my head. – В моей голове, в моем сознании есть некоторая идея (локализованная в пространстве сознания).

Поскольку предмет, который помещен говорящим в некоторое пространство, называется им впер-вые, с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе используется неопределенный артикль; с неисчисляемыми существительными и с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе могут использоваться местоимения some (в утвердительных) и any (в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях).

Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа следующего непосредственно за ним существительно-го:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.

There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.

Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом:

1. Общий вопрос:

Is there anything in the box?

2. Специальный вопрос: What is there in the box?

3. Разделительный вопрос:

There are some people in the room, aren't there?

* Translate into English. Use the constructions there is / there are, the pronouns any, some, no.

1. В вашей семье есть дети?

2. На улице много народу.

3. В кувшине нет молока.

4. За вашим домом есть сад?

5. За вашим садом есть площадь, не так ли?

6. В вашем городе есть парки?

7. У вас есть вопросы?

8. На столе около окна стоят часы.

9. Мои книги и тетради на полке.

10. В моем столе ничего нет.

11. В этом журнале есть что-нибудь интересное?

12. Что там на столе? Там стоит чашка и три стакана.

13. Есть кто-нибудь в соседней комнате?

14. На столе есть соль, но мало.

15. Времени нет.

* Put in -a, -an or -the where it is necessary.

1. ... ox is ... strong beast of ... burden.

2. He asked for ... glass of ... fresh water.

3. He will give ... course of ... lectures on ... history.

4. ... snow covered... ground.

5. I thought I had shut ... door, but it is still open.

6. ... London of our ... days differs greatly from ... London of ... days of ... Shakespeare.

7. Pass me ... salt, please.

8. ... teacher took much ... interest in … little Charles.

9. ... unfortunate Tilly cried bitterly.

10. ... girl was carrying ... spray of lilacs.

11. ... Volga is ... very important waterway.

12. I like ... coffee for ... breakfast.

13. She married ... Smith we met ... last year.

14. ... heat is destructive to these ... plants.

15. ... oaks are ... very strong trees.

16. He was ... editor of "... Monthly".

17. We shall talk it over at ... dinner.

18. This is ... different tea from ... one we usually buy.

19. All ... passengers gathered on ... deck.

20. ... boy will be sent to ... school ... next year.

21. Open ... drawer on the left.

22. ... moon was shining brightly.

23. ... Elbrus is ... highest mountain in ... Caucasus.

24. ... Johnsons settled here two years ago.

25. ... Zoo was just opposite ... house where he lived and he often went there as he liked ... animals very much.

26. Not only we, ... people of... Russia, but... whole world was watching... battle we were waging.

27. ... next day there was ... delightful weather, and ... sun shone warmly.

28. Towards ... evening we reached ... little village.

29. ... apple trees in ... garden stood in ... full bloom.

30. ... day was so lovely, so full of ... freshness of ... spring.

Lesson 3

Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

1. Односложные (и некоторые двусложные) прилагательные и наречия образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления суффикса -еr; превосходную – путем прибавления суффикса -est:

high – higher – (the) highest (высокий – более высокий – самый высокий); big – bigger – (the) biggest (большой – больше – самый большой), busy – busier – (the) busiest (занятой – более занятой – самый занятой), hard – harder – (the) hardest (тяжелый – более тяжелый – самый тяжелый).

2. Многосложные прилагательные и наречия, оканчивающиеся на -1у, образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления слов more (less); превосходную – путем прибавления слов most (least):

interesting – more (less) interesting – (the) most (least) interesting; easily – more (less) easily – (the) most (least) easily.

3. Ряд прилагательных и наречий образуют степени сравнения от разных основ: good (хороший) – better (лучше) – (the) best (самый хороший);

bad (плохой) – worse (хуже) – (the) worst (самый плохой).

Обратите внимание: существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превосходной степени, все-гда имеет определенный артикль (все, что находится в превосходной степени, – единственно, уникаль-но)

Make up the Comparative and Superlative degrees of the adjectives.

1. cold

2. young

3. old

4. difficult

5. good

6. far

7. bad

8. beautiful

9) weak

10. little

11. easy

12. near

13. strong

14. late

15. interest­ing

16. pretty

17. great 25) hot

18. quick 26) long

19. important 27) simple

20. warm 28) thin

29. much

30. wide

31. small

32. many

21. happy

22. early

23. deep

24. large

^ Change the form of the adjectives.

1. Kate is (young) than Mary.

2. John is the (clever) boy in the class.

3. The weather is (dull) today than it was yesterday.

4. London is one of the (big) cities in the world.

5. This sentence is (difficult) than the first one.

6. My dog is as (good) as yours.

7. His dog is (good) than yours.

8. Her dog is the (good) of the three.

9. The cat is much (happy) in her new home.

10. My cold is (bad) today than it was yesterday.

11. This mountain is the (high) in Europe.

12. This piece of homework is as (bad) as your last one.

13. This piece of homework is (bad) than your last one.

14. This piece of homework is the (bad) you have ever done.

15. Richard is not as (tall) as Tom.

16. Tom is (tall) than Richard.

17. Tom is the (tall) boy in the class.

18. Athens is (far) From London than Rome is.

19. Jack is (rich) than Richard, but I don't think he is (happy) than Richard.

20. This is the (wonderful) and (beautiful) film I have ever seen.

21. He doesn't look a day (old) than forty.

22. What (nice) present is there than a box of chocolates?

23. What (good) present is there than a box of cigarettes?

24. Jack and Peter are exactly as (old) as each other and exactly as (tall) as each other.

25. Susan is (old) than Mark; she is the (old) of the family.

26. Summer is (warm) than winter.

27. Robert and Paul are the (noisy) boys that I know.

28. Boys are always (noisy) than girls.

29. Summer is the (warm) of the four seasons.

30. Winter in London is (foggy) than in Paris.

31. These are the (bad) cigarettes I have ever smoked.

32. I think I am the (bad) dancer in the world! - You are not (bad) than I am.

33. Your work is much (good) than I thought.

34. London is (big) than Manchester. Manchester is (small) than London.

10. A train goes faster than a ship but not as (fast) as an airplane. Which is the (fast)? Which is the (slow)?

11. It is (hot) in Athens than it is in London; it is not as (hot) in Oslo as it is in London. Which of the three cities is the (hot)? Which is the (cold)?

Lesson 4

Множественное число имени существительного

Множественное число существительных (кроме тех, у которых основа оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x) образуется путем прибавления к основе окончания -s: a boy - boys, a trick - tricks, a pen - pens, a girl - girls.

Множественное число существительных, основа которых оканчивается на -ch, -s, -ss, -sh, -x, а также существительных, имеющих, как правило, окончание -о, образуется путем прибавления к основе окон-чания -es: a bench - benches, a bus - buses, a glass - glasses, a box - boxes, a potato -potatoes.

Существительные, оканчивающиеся на -у (после согласной) во множественном числе имеют окон-чание -ies: аn army - armies, a fly - flies, a lady - ladies.

Конечное -f (-fe), как правило, меняется на -ves: a calf- calves, a knife - knives, a shelf - shelves, a wife -wives.

Ряд существительных образует множественное число не по общим правилам:

а) изменяется корневая гласная:

a man - men a woman - women a foot -feet a tooth - teeth a goose - geese a mouse - mice a louse - lice;

б) добавляется окончание -en: an ox - oxen

a child - children;

в) заимствуются формы единственного и множественного числа из латинского и греческого языков: a formula -formulae (formulas)

a crisis - crises

a criterion - criteria

an index - indices

a bacterium - bacteria.

Есть в английском языке существительные, которые имеют одну (общую) форму для единственного и множественного числа:

a deer (олень) - deer (олени)

a sheep (овца) - sheep (овцы)

a fish (рыба) - fish (рыбы).

Некоторые существительные имеют только единственное число: advice, information, news, knowledge, furniture, luggage. Некоторые - только множественное число: clothes, damages, goods, looks, riches, manners, thanks.

Put the nouns into the plural form and change the sentences if necessary.

1. We have built a gigantic factory.

2. The ox has hurt its hoof and cannot draw the cart.

3. The sheep is grazing in the meadow.

4. The valley is green, and a deer is grazing in it.

5. There was a potato in the basket.

6. There was a fish in the net.

7. The hoof of an ox is cloven, that of a horse is not.

8. The key to the box is lost.

9. The roof of that house leaks, it needs repairing.

10. He brought a pailful of water from the river.

11. As soon as the train has arrived, the postman will deliver the letter.

12. A passer-by saw the accident.

13. This shelf contains several books on different subjects.

14. The hero was received with joy.

15. The leaf turned first yellow and then brown, and dropped off and was blown into the corner of the garden.

16. A fox often prowled about the farm yard, seeking a fat goose to carry off.

* Ask alternative and disjunctive questions.

1. I like my tea with cream.

2. He decided to go to the theatre.

3. John had to walk to the village.

4. Although the weather was fine they decided to stay at home.

5. Last winter our class visited Rome.

6. I'm used to drinking a glass of milk before going to bed.

7. We were invited to stay at the castle for a fortnight.

8. I'm fond of opera.

9. We are going to Moscow with my brother today.

10. If I don't pass the exams I'll try to do it again next time.

Lesson 5