Vocabulary

magnitude – величина, размеры

to curve – гнуть

barrel –цилиндр, барабан, вал

to fold – складывать, сгибать

corrugated – гофрированный, рифленый

overriding – основной, первостепенный

ridged – остроконечный

I. Choose the right verb

1. Shells .. a thickness and order of magnitude less that was usual for these masonry and mass-concrete forms.

a) have b) receive c) play

2. A shell may be … in two directions.

a) taken b) added c) curved

3. Corrugated forms … along the length of the barrel.

a) reduce b) span c) provide

4. To … the reduction in thickness, tensile strength must be provided in the level of support.

a) achieve b) demonstrate c) use

5. Ridged shells for the Sydney Opera House … beyond these limits.

a) covered b) went c) saw

II. Complete the following sentences.

1. The term shell describes a spanning and space-enclosing element of … form.

a) pyramidal b) columnar c) domed

2. The two curvatures of the doubly curved form may be of opposite sense, like those of a/an

a) saddle b) arch c) volute

3. The singly curved d form may be taken to include barrel-shaped and … forms.

a) flat b) rounded c) folded

4. The shelf, together with the doubly curved tensile membrane has … the formal vocabulary of architecture.

a) enlarged b) reduced c) invented

5. The Saarinen/Ammann and Whitney roof of the TWA Terminal Building a Kennedy Airport demonstrates its … at the limits of practicality;

a) feature b) versatility c) rarity

Exercises

I. Suggest the Russian equivalents.

• masonry and mass-concrete forms;

• barrel-shaped and folded or corrugated forms;

• to span along the length of the barrel;

• to enlarge the formal vocabulary of architecture;

• space enclosing element;

• to act as deep beams;

• the reduction of thickness;

• the pattern of loading;

• sharply ridged shells

II. Match the synonym

to denote

to indicate;

to do;

demand;

shape;

surface;

contrary;

requirement;

form;

to act;

folded;

corrugated;

outside;

opposite;

III. Make up some sentences of your own using these word combinations.

• in accordance with the requirements of ;

• to go beyond the limits;

• to call for;

IV. Express your opinion on the following questions.

1. What does the term shell mean?

2. How it may be curved?

3. What requirements should be taken into consideration when it is necessary to achieve the reduction in thickness?

4. What is the role of shells in modern architecture?

V Ask your partner about the latest examples of shell structures. Give your own examples.

Lesson 7

Control work

1. Explain in English

   • inferior durability;

   • structural important elements;

   • to be under the designer’s control

2. Speak about the development of the dome form. Use the following questions as a plan.

• What is the three dimensional counterpart of the arch?

• Can you describe the true circular form of the dome?

• What material did Roman builders ues for domes?

3. Discuss with your partner the following questions.

1. What were the nearest equivalents of the reinforced-concrete slab?

2. What can be said about the drawbacks of the earlier floor systems?

3. What was the alternative to these floor system?

Модуль 4

Lesson 8