Vocabulary

floor - пол, настил, междуэтажное перекрытие

to constitute – основывать

ceiling – потолок. перекрытие

alongside – бок о бок. рядом

fill – наполнение, прокладка

expenditure – трата, расход

fireproof – несгораемый, огнеупорный

drawback – недостаток

depth – глубина

outward – внешний, наружный

thrust – опора

twig – дранка

to ram – утрамбовывать

projecting – выступающий

bay – пролет (между колоннами), ниша, глубокий выступ комнаты

to bind – связывать, скреплять

I. Choose the right word

1. It may be desirable for non-structural reasons … a separate top surface and a separate ceiling below.

a) to take b) to add c) to support

2. The floor was … by a more or less solid fill for a brick or concrete vault.

a) used b) built c) provided

3. The first method is characterized by a very extravagant use of material and hence … of effort.

a) expenditure b) necessity c) possibility

4. The second method continued to be used for its …, more efficient and stronger characteristics.

a) waterproof b) foolproof c) fireproof

5. A … of beams a within a bay may be used for very heavy loading and wide spans.

a) block b) gird c) side

II. Complete the following sentences

1. it may be described for non-structural reasons to add a separate top surface and a separate … below.

a) ceiling b) footing c) thrust

2. Today the reinforced-concrete slab with or without projecting … is the usual floor system.

a) columns b) beams c) loads

3. The first method usually gave way to a more differentiated form with increasing … in construction.

a) skill b) parts c)depth

4. Light timber beams span at short … between opposite walls and are covered by boards.

a) periods b) intervals c) length

5. A gird of beams within a bay may used to stiffen and strengthen the slab without … it to be of great thickness throughout.

a) finding b) being c) requiring

III. Make the right choice.

1. The continuous slab … a self-contained floor system.

a) constitute b) constitutes

c) is constituted d) will be constituted

2. The first method usually … way to a more differentiated form with increasing skill in construction.

a) gave b) was given

c) has given d) will give

3. Light timber beams … at short intervals between opposite walls and are covered by boards or twigs.

a) were spanning b) will be spanned

c) span d) have spanned

4. The reinforced –concrete slab … a great advantage over the earlier systems.

a) had b) has

c) was having d)will be had

5. It is a good horizontal diaphragm, which … the walls or columns together.

a) binds b) will bind

c) was binding d) bind