- •Translation of Word Combinations
- •Grammatical Aspects of Translation
- •Translation and the Problems of Style
- •Classification of Translation Techniques
- •Main Issues of Theory of Translation
- •The Concept of Translation: a Brief History
- •3. Is Translation an Art or a Craft?
- •3. Theory of Translation as a Linguistic Science and Translation Studies as an Academic Discipline
- •4. Classification of the Types (Methods) of Translation
- •5. Ethics of Translation and Translator’s Competence
- •Translation Process
- •1.Translation Strategy
- •2. Stages of Translating Process
- •3. The Problem of the Unit of Translation (ut)
- •Equivalence and Adequacy in Translation
- •1. A Brief Outline of Approaches to Defining Equivalence in Translation
- •3. Translation of Internationalisms (Borrowings) and the Problem of False Friends
- •Internationalisms (Borrowings)
- •Translation of Word Combinations
- •1. Translation of Free Word Combinations
- •2. Translation of Bound Word Combinations
- •Grammatical Aspects of Translation
- •1. Ways of Translating the Passive Voice
- •2. Ways of Translating Modal Verbs
- •3. Ways of Translating the Subjunctive Mood
- •4. Ways of Translating the Non-Finite Forms of the Verb
- •Translation and the Problems of Style
- •1. Definition of Style
- •2. Classification of Functional Styles
- •Theguardian, September, 16, 2013 Canadian scientists protest against government censorship
- •3. Translation Problems of Stylistic Devices
- •Classification of Translation Techniques
- •1. Lexical Translation Techniques
- •2. Contextual Replacements
- •3. Grammatical Transformations
- •Practice tasks
- •The Translation Process
- •Practice tasks
- •Art and fashion
- •Greenwich
- •Equivalence and Adequacy in Translation
- •Practical tasks
- •Translation of Word Combinations
- •Practice task
- •Grammatical aspects of translation
- •Practice task
- •Practice task
- •Practice task
- •Why Does Our Infrastructure Resemble a Third World Country’s?
- •9. Stages of translating process
- •11. A brief outline of approaches to defining equivalence in translation
- •20. Ways of translating the passive voice
- •22. Ways of translating modal verbs
- •33. Translation problems of lexical stylistic devices
Translation Process
1.Translation Strategy
Hurtado Albir proposes the following definition of translation strategy: “Strategy is the procedure used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind” (Hurtado Albir 1996, 1999).
According to Chesterman translation strategy is “a plan that is implemented in a given context.” (2005: 26).
Jaaskelainen (2005: 71) considers strategy as, "a series of competencies, a set of steps or processes that favor the acquisition, storage, and utilization of information".
"A 'strategy' is a generalization about typical courses-of-action exhibited by professional translators" (Neubert and Shreve, 1992: 52); they are the standard tools of the trade, the procedures offering a solution to the various types of problems encountered in the translation task.
It is worth mentioning that translation techniques affect the micro-units of text and the results of translation, while translation strategies affect the process of translation.
Translators use strategies for comprehension (e.g., distinguish main and secondary ideas, establish conceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation (e.g., paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original). Because strategies play an essential role in problem solving, they are a central part of the subcompetencies that make up translation competence.
2. Stages of Translating Process
Description of the translating process is one of the major tasks of the translation theory. According to N. Strelkova “Translation work is usually seen as consisting of three stages: 1) studying the original, 2) the translation work proper, and 3) self-editing” (Strelkova, p. 9).
Stages of Translation
Stage |
Its characteristics |
Studying the original (pre-translation scanning) |
1. Review the material you are going to translate so that you can understand its intent and content. Use your linguistic competence and ‘world knowledge’ (de-verbalized, theoretical, general, encyclopaedic and cultural) to grasp the sense of the ST. 2. Identify its genre or functional style. 3. Identify the problems you may come across in the process of translation. |
The translation work proper |
4. Identify the units of translation. 5. Make a draft translation. |
Self-editing |
6. Leave a little extra time to review the text after having finished the translation. You should take a break and look at the text from a new perspective, which will allow you to improve your work. 7. Then edit this version: - check the translation against the original to ensure accuracy of content; - proofread it carefully to correct typographical errors and grammatical mistakes. 8. Translate the headline. 9. The final stage involves going over your draft to verify that the text reads as one originally produced in the target language - not as a 'translation'. |