- •Translation of Word Combinations
- •Grammatical Aspects of Translation
- •Translation and the Problems of Style
- •Classification of Translation Techniques
- •Main Issues of Theory of Translation
- •The Concept of Translation: a Brief History
- •3. Is Translation an Art or a Craft?
- •3. Theory of Translation as a Linguistic Science and Translation Studies as an Academic Discipline
- •4. Classification of the Types (Methods) of Translation
- •5. Ethics of Translation and Translator’s Competence
- •Translation Process
- •1.Translation Strategy
- •2. Stages of Translating Process
- •3. The Problem of the Unit of Translation (ut)
- •Equivalence and Adequacy in Translation
- •1. A Brief Outline of Approaches to Defining Equivalence in Translation
- •3. Translation of Internationalisms (Borrowings) and the Problem of False Friends
- •Internationalisms (Borrowings)
- •Translation of Word Combinations
- •1. Translation of Free Word Combinations
- •2. Translation of Bound Word Combinations
- •Grammatical Aspects of Translation
- •1. Ways of Translating the Passive Voice
- •2. Ways of Translating Modal Verbs
- •3. Ways of Translating the Subjunctive Mood
- •4. Ways of Translating the Non-Finite Forms of the Verb
- •Translation and the Problems of Style
- •1. Definition of Style
- •2. Classification of Functional Styles
- •Theguardian, September, 16, 2013 Canadian scientists protest against government censorship
- •3. Translation Problems of Stylistic Devices
- •Classification of Translation Techniques
- •1. Lexical Translation Techniques
- •2. Contextual Replacements
- •3. Grammatical Transformations
- •Practice tasks
- •The Translation Process
- •Practice tasks
- •Art and fashion
- •Greenwich
- •Equivalence and Adequacy in Translation
- •Practical tasks
- •Translation of Word Combinations
- •Practice task
- •Grammatical aspects of translation
- •Practice task
- •Practice task
- •Practice task
- •Why Does Our Infrastructure Resemble a Third World Country’s?
- •9. Stages of translating process
- •11. A brief outline of approaches to defining equivalence in translation
- •20. Ways of translating the passive voice
- •22. Ways of translating modal verbs
- •33. Translation problems of lexical stylistic devices
5. Ethics of Translation and Translator’s Competence
Criterion |
Its characteristics |
Preparation and qualification |
Professional translators need comprehensive mastery of grammar, syntax and vocabulary of both the source and target languages (linguistic competence), and in-depth understanding of cultural norms. |
Knowledge of the subject of translation |
Professional translators must have knowledge of the pertinent subject matter. |
The relationship between the author |
1. Professional translators should refuse to translate from a TT unless with the consent of the author. 2. If they want to alter some part of the text, they may do it only with the author's consent |
The relationships with colleagues |
1. In the case of co-translation, the names of all the translators must appear on TT. 2. A translator must refuse work detrimental to a fellow translator. |
Confidentiality |
A translator must respect professional secrets. He must not divulge any information obtained during the performance of his services, including access to documentation or reports. |
Impartiality |
A translator should remain neutral, unbiased and impartial with regard to either party's gender, disability, race, ethnicity or national origin, age, educational level, socioeconomic status, religious or political beliefs. |
The translator’s competence is the ability to render a target language text into a source language text in accordance with all agreements. It consists of the following sub-competences: linguistic, cultural, textual, subject, research, and transfer competence.
Translator’s Competence
Competence |
Its characteristics |
Linguistic |
The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL. |
Cultural |
Cultural competence comprises four components: 1) awareness of one's own cultural worldview; 2) attitude towards cultural differences; 3) knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews; 4) cross-cultural skills. |
Textual |
It consists in being proficient in combining linguistic forms to produce a written or oral text in different genres or text types. |
Subject |
Knowledge of the ST subject is essential as it allows the translator to provide clear insight into the core ideas of the original work in the TT. |
Research |
The translator should have the ability to acquire and process information. |
Transfer |
To make the TT accurate and complete, the translator must know the principles guiding translation, such as processes, methods, procedures, and so forth. |
For example, the Chartered Institute of Linguists’ (IoL) Diploma in Translation is the most widely known initial qualification for translators in the UK. Its Notes for Candidates gave the following criteria for assessing the translation:
accuracy: the correct transfer of information and evidence of complete comprehension;
the appropriate choice of vocabulary, idiom, terminology and register (регистр, стиль; уровень (произношения, чистоты речи и т. п.));
cohesion (связность), coherence (логичность, последовательность, обоснованность) and organization, etc. (Introducing Translation Studies, p. 31)
Lecture 2