Modal verbs and their equivalents:

Meaning	Present	Past	Future
Can Физическая и умственная способность, возможность выполнить действие. Перевод: могу/умею Запрет в общественных местах To be able to do smth: Перед глаголами: to see, hear, realize, etc.	Can, cannot/can’t You can’t break silence in the library. I am able to realize you. He is able to hear. We are able to climb up the mountain.	Could, could not/couldn’t He was able to get there just in time.	Will (shall) be able to do smth. I will be able to translate this text.
Must 1. Должен, совет, приказ 2 Предположение: должно быть, вероятно. Перевод: должен, надо To have to/to have got to: вынужден, приходиться	Must, must not/mustn’t Must I do it? - No, you needn’t. He must be ill. I have to wear the uniform. Do you have to wear the uniform? I have got to wear the uniform. Have you got to wear the uniform?	Had to/ had got to didn’t have to/hadn’t got to I didn’t have to write the report.	Will (shall) have to I will have to go.
May Разрешение Перевод: можно Предположение, Перевод: возможно, может быть, Упрек, Перевод: мог бы и...	May not, Might not It may be rain tomorrow. You might visit your granny.	Might He said he might come later.	Will (shall) be allowed/permitted He says that he will be allowed to stay here.
Should/ought to Совет/рекомендация Перевод: следует, следовало бы Should больше связан с законом, ought to чаще употребляется с моральной стороной	You should read the text. You ought to visit your grandparents	Should/ought to have done it	Should/ought to do it
To be to Необходимость в соответствии с договоренностью, планом, расписанием	I am to go to the lecture. He is to prepare the topic to the lesson. We are to meet now.	Was/were to do	Will (shall) be to do
Need Необходимость или отсутствие необходимости выполнить действие. Перевод: (не) нужно, Чаще употребляется в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях.	You needn’t hurry.	You needn’t have come.	Need I do it? – no, you needn’t/ you must do it.

Примечание: после модальных глаголов или их эквивалентов пассивный залог употребляется в Инфинитиве: It can be translated. She may be invited to the party. He must be known. The text should be translated. Etc.

Exercises:

1 Put in can/can’t if possible, if not put in could, will be able to smth:

1.They knew the town so they ... advise him where to go.

2. Mary usually leaves work at six, but she...leave earlier on Fridays.

3. Do you think one day people... travel to the stars?

4. Since he was working at the hospital all day he... only he only learn in the evening.

5. In a few years, computers ... think better than we do.

6. I'll post your letter, but I don't think the postman ... read the address.

7. She ... do your job with no trouble at aII.

8. ... you believe the girl? ... it be true?

9. We ... get in touch with him in such a short time.

10. I ... come tomorrow, I'm afraid. I'm too busy.

11. This week isn't good, but I ... bring the car in next week.

12. I ... hear Miss Graham's voice, but I ... hear what she said.

2. Change the following sentences into the future or past. Use be allowed/permitted to:

l. May the students leave the room in a few minutes?

2. May I stay away from the classes?

3. May she miss the classes tomorrow?

4. May I look up words in the dictionary?

,5. May he not do this job now?

6. May the child not eat his soup?

7. May she play the piano in your room?

8. May Kate read her essay at the next lesson?

9. May I not come to the examination tonight?

10. May she not go and see her doctor?

11. May I come a bit late for the next class?

12. May Jack change place with Bill?

13. May I keep your player till Sunday?

14. May the students write the dictation at the next class?

15. May I leave the class before the bell goes?

3 Complete the following sentences using must:

1. If you want to know English well, you ...

2. If your spelling is poor, you ...

3. If she wants to cross the street and there is a red light,

4. If you are unwell, you ...

5. If she wants to get to the university in time, she ...

6. If he makes a lot of grammar mistakes, he ...

7. If the students want to know grammar, they ..

8. If the football players want to win the match, they ..,

9. If his English is poor, he ...

10. If you want to be healthy, you ...

4 Change the following sentences into negative or interrogative. Make all the necessary changes:

I . I have to wear glasses for reading.

2. I had to explain everything first.

3. He always had to live in the city because of his business.

4. I had to be at home that evening.

5. I had to stay at home doing nothing.

6. I had to ask the kind of questions that were directly to the point.

7. You'll have to get up very early tomorrow.

8. She'll have to do it once over again.

9. These documents have to be filed.

10. We’ll have to speak to him about it.

4. Turn the statements containing have to into tail questions:

1. They had to get up very early.

2. You'll have to break your journey in London.

3. They didn't have to rush as there was plenty of time.

4. She’ll have to walk all the way home.

5. If you don't want to be left behind you'll have to board train.

6. There's no need to hurry. She doesn't have to gulp her food.

7. You’ll have to get rid of that habit.

4. Change the sentences using be to:

l. He promised to come tonight.

2. They plan to take their examinations in June.

;]. The teacher told us to hand in our reports next lesson.

4. We agreed that the one who came first would reserve seats for the rest of us.

5.. We decided to go for an outing on Sunday but we couldn't because of the rainy weather.

6. We were told to finish our work in a week but we could not do i t,.

7. He plans to get in touch with me on Tuesday evening.

8. Nobody met me at the station. I promised to arrive a day later but could not warn any of my friends.

9. She says she will make the dress tomorrow.

10. Rosemary agreed to meet me at Oxford and drive me to Rembers.

11. He is expected to join us at the railway station at 5 p. m.

12. It's planned that I'll go on business to Manchester next month.

13.He was destined to live a long and happy life.

13. It is arranged that Freddy will meet Andrew and Christine in the lounge.

14. Do you expect me to believe that he was not to blame?

15. It was arranged that Marianne would meet me at the bus stop.

4. Translate from Russian into English:

1 Я должен закончить эту работу.

2 Мы договорились пойти в кино вчера.

2. На этой неделе мы должны будем сдавать экзамен.

3. Вы можете взять выходной.

4. Она возможна больна.

5. Я не могу перевести эту статью, потому что у меня нет словаря.

6. Я не смогу поверить тебе, до тех пор пока ты не покажешь мне это письмо.

7. Может пойдет дождь, а может и нет.

8. Она, должно быть сейчас в читальном зале.

9. Вам придется пойти на эту встречу. Вы сами ее назначили.