4. Match beginnings to the endings.

1. The City … a) … was named in the memory of the victory.

2. The Tower … b) … is the symbol of wealth and luxury.

3. The West End … c) … is the oldest part of London.

4. Trafalgar Square … d) … is more than 20 centuries old.

5. London… e) … has been a fortress, a palace and a museum.

5. Mark the statements as true or false.

1. Britain is a republic.

2. The Houses of Parliament consist of the House of Lords and the Senate.

3. London doesn’t stand on the both banks of the river Thames.

4. “In Britain it rains all the time”.

6. Complete the article about the London Eye with the verbs in the brackets in either the active or passive form.

The London Eye is one of the most popular attractions in London and it ⁽¹⁾ ___ (visit) by people from all over the world. It ⁽²⁾ ___ (design) by David Marks and Julia Barfield for a competition which ⁽³⁾ ___ (organize) by a British newspaper in 1994. The newspaper ⁽⁴⁾ ___ (want) a new London building to celebrate the year 2000.

The Eye is 135 meters tall and it is the largest observation wheel in the world. Up to 800 people ⁽⁵⁾ ___ (carry) on it at any one time. Marks and Barfield ⁽⁶⁾ ___ (design) and ⁽⁷⁾ ___ (build) the Eye in less than 16 months. More than 1, 700 people ⁽⁸⁾ ___ (work) on building the London Eye. The wheel ⁽⁹⁾ ___ (develop) in the Netherlands. Experts in the Czech Republic and Italy ⁽¹⁰⁾ ___ (make) some of the metal parts. The capsules which the people sit in ⁽¹¹⁾ ___ (make) in the French Alps and the glass ⁽¹²⁾ ___ (produce) in Italy.

GRAMMAR BANK

PART 1

PRESENT SIMPLE

We form the Present Simple like this:

POSITIVE

Singular I know

You know

He/she/it knows

Plural We know

You know

They know

I know the answer. She starts work at 9.30.

We add -s after he/she/it:

I start → he starts I live → she lives

NEGATIVE

Full form Short form

I/you/we/they do not know. I/you/we/they don’t know.

He/she/it does not know. He/she/it doesn’t know.

QUESTIONS

Do I/you/we/they know?

Does he/she/it know?

We use the Present Simple for:

• facts and permanent states. e.g. Georgia lives in Boston.

• truths or laws of nature. e. g. The temperature here falls below zero in the winter.

• habits and routines (with always, usually, etc.). e.g. He usually gets up at 10 o’clock.

• timetables/programmes (with a future meaning). e.g. The train of Manchester leaves at 11.45 on Sunday.

• feelings and emotions. e.g. I love vanilla ice-cream.

Time expressions used with Present Simple: every day/week/month/year, usually, sometimes, always, never, often, on Monday, in the evening/morning, etc.

PAST SIMPLE

We form the Past simple of regular verbs by adding -ed to the verb:

Walk → walked watch → watched Open → opened ask → asked

Many verbs have an irregular Past simple form:

Do → did find → found Take → took go → went Come → came buy → bought

We form the negative with didn’t and the infinitive (e.g. do, take, understand):

I didn’t understand.

We form questions with did and the infinitive (e.g. watch):

Did you watch the film?

We use the Past Simple for:

• an action which started and finished in the past at a stated time. e.g. I watched a science fiction on TV last night. I met my friends for lunch last Monday.

• past actions which happened one immediately after the other. e.g. He got up, had breakfast and then left for his office.

Time expressions used with Past Simple: yesterday, last week/month, (how long) ago, then, just/when, in 1991, etc.

FUTURE

We can talk about future time with different verb forms, for example:

• will: I’ll come with you.

• be going to: He’s going to come with us.

• Present Continuous: We are coming tomorrow.

We make sentences with will like this:

Will + INFINITIVE POSITIVE Full form Short form I/He/She/It/We/You/They will go. ‘ll go. NEGATIVE I/He/She/It/We/You/They will not go. won’t go. QUESTIONS Will I/he/she/it/we/you/they go?

We use the Future Simple (will + bare infinitive) for:

• decisions taken at the moment of speaking. e.g. I’m starving. I think I’ll make a sandwich.

• hopes, fears, threats, offers, promises, warnings, predictions, request, comments, etc. especially with the verbs: expect, hope, believe, I’m sure, I’m afraid, etc. e.g. I’m sure he will win the first prize.

• actions or predictions which may or may not happen in the future. e.g. We will probably buy a new car.

We form sentences with be going to like this:

be going + to + INFINITIVE It is going to snow. I’m going to leave.

We use be going to:

• for planned actions or intentions. e.g. I’m going to repaint the kitchen next month.

• to predict future, using information we know. e.g. Look at the blue sky! It’s going to be hot.

We use Present Continuous for:

• fixed arrangements in the near future. e.g. I’m seeing my dentist tomorrow evening.

PART 2

PASSIVE VOICE

We form passive voice with the verb to be in the appropriate tense + the past participle of the main verb.

PRESENT PAST FUTURE Am/is/are was/were will be + PAST PARTICIPLE These computers aren’t produced any more. My camera was taken. Will cold drinks be sold here?

We use passive:

• when the person who performs/does the action (the agent) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. e.g. My purse was stolen. (unknown agent) The shopping center is cleaned every day. (unimportant agent).

• when we want to emphasise the agent (we use by…, if we want to say who does the action). e.g. Our holiday house was built by my great grandfather in 1897.

• to make statements more formal or more polite. e.g. The wedding reception will be held at 9 o’clock at the Town Hall.

• When the action is more important than the agent (as, for example, in news reports, formal notices, instructions, headlines, advertisements etc). e.g. More than twenty-five people were injured because of the earthquake.

PART 3

PRESENT PARTICIPLE and PAST PARTICIPLE (-ING and –ED clauses)

We form present participle by adding -ing to the bare infinitive (walk+ing – walking). We form past participle by adding -ed to regular verbs. Many verbs have irregular past participles which do not end in -ed. For example: stolen/made/bought/written etc.

1. A clause is a part of a sentence. Some clauses begin with -ing or -ed:

• Do you know the girl talking to Tom? (-ing clause)

• The man I injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (-ed clause)

2. We use -ing clauses to say what someone or something is doing or was doing at a particular time:

• Do you know the girl talking to Tom? (the girl is talking to Tom)

• Who was that man standing outside? (the man was standing outside)

When you are talking about things and sometimes people, you can use -ing clause for permanent characteristics (what something does all the time, not just at a particular time):

• The road joining the two villages is very narrow. (the road joins the two villages)

• I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden. (the room overlooks the garden)

Talking, standing, joining and overlooking are present participles.

3.-ed clauses have a passive meaning:

• The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (the man was injured in the accident)

• None of the people invited to the party can come. (the people have been invited to the party)

Injured and invited are past participles.

APPENDIX 1