31

Introductory Course

“Two make a team, don’t they?”

UNIT 1.

Warmers and ice-breakers

The English Sentence 1. The Word Order

Functions of Words in the Sentence. Members of the Sentence

Types of Sentences

Statements

Negative Statements. Avoiding Double Negatives

Imperative Sentences

Questions. Asking Techniques

Yes/No Questions and Alternative Questions

Shortened Yes/No Questions

*Задание к уроку 1.

Basic Grammar in Use R.Murphy

Units: 30, 37, 39, 40 (Statements and Questions).

Units: 1-7 PP. 2-15 (Present Simple, Present Cont.)

Warmers and ice-breakers

• I am Olga and I am optimistic! Optimistic Olga. And what are your names?

• Do this personality quiz. Study the pictures for ten seconds and choose the picture you like most. The teacher will read the key to you. Write all your features down. Which don’t you like? Walk around and “swap” some features you don’t like to make a “better you”. Ask a group mate: “Would you like to be greedy? I’d like to be disorganized in return”. Answer “Yes. I’d love to”/ “No. I wouldn’t”. (1)

• Draw your right hand on a piece of paper. Label each finger with the following words (begin with the thumb finger): 1)“My family”, 2)“My achievements and my ambitions”, 3)“My character”, 4)“My hobbies”, 5)“My appearance”. Opposite each topic write 2 or more sentences about yourself. You can answer these questions:

1. What is your family? Where were you born? How old are you?

2. When did you finish school? What can you do? What are you going to do? What are you going to be in 5 years? Etc.

3. What are your strong and weak points? What are you proud of?

4. What is your hobby?

5. What do you look like?

The English Sentence 1. The Word Order

Put the words into the correct order (to make a sentence):

Bubble/ bubbles/double/gum/ double/ bubbles

Which words are adj., verbs, nouns?

Why wasn’t it easy to build the sen-ce?

Partly because there is no order and also because some words sound the same.

What is what in this sen-ce? How do you know?

Thus, the word order and some grammar marks help to understand what is what in the English sentence. Unlike the Russian language the “grammar marks” are not many and that is why are not so helpful. So the word order is of great importance and word order rules are restricted to a greater degree in English than in Russian. A word takes its place in the sentence according to its function and type of a sentence.

Functions of Words in the Sentence. Parts of the Sentence

• The Subject

• The Predicate

• The Object

• The Attribute

• The Adverbial

EXERCISE 1. Identify each underlined word as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or preposition.

PREP NOUN

1. Through the centuries, many people have confused whales with fish.

2. Whales are mammals, not fish. They breathe air and give birth to live young.

3. Some species of whales dive deeply beneath the surface of the ocean in order to feed and can stay under the water for more than an hour. All whales, however, must come to the surface for air.

4. Whales make the longest migrations known among mammals. Gray whales swim from the Pacific coast of Mexico, where they give birth in winter, to the icy Arctic for the summer.

5. Orca whales, which are black and white, are highly trainable. They are also called "killer whales," but trainers tell us that these whales are intelligent and sensitive. One time, a newly captured male orca refused to eat for a long time. Finally, he took a fish from the trainer. However, he didn't eat the fish immediately; he took it to another recently captured whale, a female who had also refused to eat, and shared it with her.

6. Whales have no sense of smell and poor eyesight. Their senses of touch and hearing, however, are highly developed. They can hear an extremely wide range of sounds and use sound to locate objects.

7. Whales do not have vocal cords, but they can communicate with each other. They have a wide range of clicks, whistles, and songs. When a whale is captured in a net, other whales gather around it and communicate through the net. They follow the captured whale for long distances.

(English Grammar B.S. Azar Ex.9 A7)

Types of Sentences

The word order depends on the sentence type. There are:

1. Statements (to state smth, etc.) (Set examples).

2. Imperative Sen-ces (to give a command, to ask for smth, etc.) (Set examples).

3. Questions (to ask for information) (Set examples).

Label the sen-ces as Imp., St., Ques.:

1. I love English a lot.

2. My best friends speak English to me every day.

3. Speak English to me, please.

4. Be my best friend.

5. Don’t keep silent.

6. Can you speak English?

7. You speak English very well, don’t you?

8. You speak French?

9. Why didn’t you learn to speak English?

Statements

In a sen-ce which is a statement the word order can be:

The Attribute – The Subject – The Predicate – The Attribute – The Object – The Adverbial

There are positive and negative statements. To make a negative statement with verbs “to be” and modal verbs like “can” we use the particle “not” only, with other verbs in a sentence - like “run”, etc. – we use “do not/don’t”, “does not/doesn’t” and “did not/didn’t”. (Set examples).

We can also use words with a negative meaning to make negative statements (never, no, nothing, nobody, none)

Negative Statements. Avoiding Double Negatives

(a) INCORRECT: I don't have no money.

(b) correct: I don't have any money. I have no money.

(a) is an example of a "double negative," i.e., a confusing and grammatically incorrect sentence that contains two negatives in the same clause. One clause should contain only one negative. Negatives in two different clauses in the same sentence cause no problems; for example: A person who doesn't have love can't be truly happy. I don't know why he isn't here.

EXERCISE 2.

A: Error analysis: double negatives. Correct the sentences, all of which contain double negatives.

1. I don't need no help. → I don't need any help. OR: I need no help.

2. I didn't see nobody.

3. I can't never understand him.

4. He doesn't like neither coffee nor tea.

5. I didn't do nothing.

6. I can't hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?

7. The beach was deserted. We couldn't see nothing but sand.

8. Methods of horse training haven't barely changed at all in the last eight centuries.

B: Make your own incorrect sentences and let your partner correct them.

(English Grammar B.S. Azar Unit D: Negatives D1, D2).

EXERCISE 3. Put the words in the correct order (rearrange the words to make sentences).

Complete the chart below. Then make negative statements.

1. Train – at – midnight – arrives – this.

2. Every – business – month – goes – he – on – trips.

3. Takes – it – me – an – hour.

4. With – Laura – brother – her – water – garden – the – their – flowers – in.

5. Spaghetty – like – the – Chinese.

6. Facts – amazing – these – are.

7. We – for – can – hours – talk.

8. Racing – dangerous – can – car – be.

The Attribute	The Subject	The Predicate	The Attribute	The Object	Adverbial
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY 1. Blind gapping. Opposite each point write a word you could associate with your partner or you. Your teacher will give you Sheet 2 to continue the activity.

Sheet 1.

1. adjective

2. adverb

3. verb in the infinitive form

4. uncountable noun

5. noun

6. noun in the plural form

7. parenthetical expression

8. verb in the infinitive without “to” with a noun

9. cardinal numeral

10. verb “to be” in the 1 person singular Present Simple form

11. adjective in the comparative form

12. gerund

13. verb in the infinitive without “to”

14. verb in the 1 person singular Present Continuous form

15. verb in the 1 person singular Present Simple form

16. Participle 2

17. verb in the Future Simple form

18. adjective