Часть 2. Практикум по предпереводческому анализу текста

__________________________________________________________________

Задание 1. Определите, из каких текстов взяты следующие отрывки. Проанализируйте отрывки с точки зрения типов информации и коммуникативного задания, реализуемых в них. К какому жанру и функциональному стилю принадлежат эти отрывки?

Текст 1

Kindly prepare a money order in the amount of the balance outstanding for me to pick up on Monday, June 16, 1998. Allow me to thank you in advance for your consideration. Sincerely, Tony Montana

Текст 2

The term, "Serious Misconduct" means (i) an act of personal dishonesty taken by the Executive in connection with his or her responsibilities as an Executive and intended to result in substantial personal enrichment of the Executive, (ii) the Executive being convicted of a felony, (iii) a willful act by the Executive which constitutes gross misconduct and which is injurious to the Company, (iv) following delivery to the Executive of a written demand for performance from the Company which describes the basis for the Company's reasonable belief that the Executive has not substantially performed his or her duties, continued violations by the Executive of the Executive's obligations to the Company which are demonstrably willful and deliberate on the Executive's part. To the extent curable, the Executive will not be deemed to engage in Serious Misconduct if, after notice by the Company, the Executive cures the conduct which gives rise to the Serious Misconduct.

The term "Good Reason" means that any of the following occur, without the Executive's express written consent: (a) a demotion in the Executive's salary grade level, (b) a reduction in the Executive's annual base salary or target annual cash bonus opportunity, or (c) the Executive being required to relocate the Executive's principal work location to an office or location that is more than 50 miles from his or her principal place of business. Notwithstanding the above, a condition will not constitute Good Reason unless and until the Executive informs Dell in writing of the existence of the condition within 90 days of its occurrence and Dell does not cure such condition within 30 days of receipt of such notice and the Executive then resigns the Executive's position within 60 days after Dell's cure period has ended.

Текст 3

Key West hotels vary dramatically in size and appeal. For the ultimate in luxurious treatment, consider the Cheeca Lodge & Spa on the coast of Florida Bay in Islamorada, which offers guests 1000 feet of private beach with a private fishing pier.  The Santa Maria Suites Resort has received wide accolades for its pristine grounds and modern tropical ambience. The all-suite hotel is only a block away from the Atlantic Ocean, and each room comes complete with a full-kitchen. Gourmet dining is available at the hotel’s Ambrosia restaurant. For those who prefer a bit lower key of an experience, you may want to experience the Truman Hotel, a super trendy boutique hotel in Key West with modern rooms and Smathers Beach just 2 miles away. The earlier you book, the greater your chances for locking in  the best rates at the hotel of your choosing.

Текст 4

Текст 5

It is Obama’s liberal supporters who often have the most profound misgivings about drones and assassinations (though they are not the only ones). Perhaps he doesn’t care; where would those voters go? And perhaps he takes some solace in the sight of the struggles that his opponent, Mitt Romney, has had with the Republicans to his right. But there is not an exact parallel: if Obama has left liberals frustrated by moving to the center, Romney has made conservatives suspicious, and even contemptuous, with his clumsy lurches to the right. They remember his history, even if he sometimes seems to have genuinely forgotten. (This also may trouble moderates, but that is a different story.)

There were reminders of that discomfort in the last day or two. One was the pressure on Romney from his right—reported in the Times and elsewhere, pounded in by the Wall Street Journal’s editorial page—to pick Paul Ryan as his running mate. Conservatives like Ryan in his own right but the idea is also to prove something about Mitt. (See John Cassidy for more on that point, and Ryan Lizza for more on Congressman Ryan.)

Текст 6

Having had four years of experience in selling our computer software, I have gained a clear idea as to what our customers' needs are and how we can meet them. I know how we can increase sales dramatically and I can gear our sales team to do precisely that. As your Sales Manager, I truly believe that we can achieve in excess of $10,000,000 in sales by the year 2000. I understand that you are a very busy person. I will thus be delighted to meet with you at any time you please to discuss my request.

Текст 7

Satwant Kaleka, who served as president of the Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, arrived in the United States from India three decades ago with thirty-five dollars in savings. By last Sunday, he owned several gas stations, according to the Los Angeles Times. He turned up early that morning at his temple to oversee worship and preparations for a large birthday party.

Wade Michael Page, a former bassist and guitarist in a white-supremacist rock band, drove to Oak Creek just after 10:15 A.M. He pulled out a pistol and shot worshipers remorselessly. An eleven-year-old-boy, Abhay Singh, watched him shoot one victim seven or eight times.

Текст 8

WHEREAS, upon the "Appointment Time" (as defined in the Merger Agreement), 3Par will become a majority-owned subsidiary of the Company, and upon the consummation of the Merger (as defined in the Merger Agreement) contemplated by the Merger Agreement, 3Par will become a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, all upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement.

WHEREAS, Executive and 3Par entered into a Management Retention Agreement entered into as of May 10, 2003 and amended and restated as of December 19, 2008 (the "Management Retention Agreement").

WHEREAS, Executive, the Company and Acquisition Sub desire to acknowledge and agree that, effective as of and contingent upon the occurrence of the Appointment Time, Acquisition Sub, as successor to 3Par, shall assume all rights and obligations of 3Par pursuant to the Management Retention Agreement.

 NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises made herein, the Parties hereby agree as follows:

     1. Assumption. The Parties hereby agree that, as of the Appointment Time, Acquisition Sub, as successor to 3Par, hereby assumes Executive's Management Retention Agreement. As a result of such assumption, Acquisition Sub hereby assumes all obligations of 3Par under such agreement in the same manner and to the same extent as 3Par would have been required to perform such obligations in the absence of the assumption. Similarly, Acquisition Sub shall have all rights and Executive shall have all obligations under the Management Retention Agreement that, in the absence of such assumption, would have inured to the benefit of 3Par.

Задание 2. Проанализируйте данные «нелепые предупреждения». Выявите их жанровые характеристики. Как в них реализуется рекомендательная функция? Объясните причины появления подобных текстов в американской культуре.

Warning Labels

"Caution: The contents of this bottle should not be fed to fish," - On a bottle of shampoo for dogs.

"For external use only!" - On a curling iron.

"Do not use while sleeping." — On a hair dryer.

"Shin pads cannot protect any pan of the body they do not cover. " - On a pair of shin guards made for bicyclists.

"This product not intended for use as a dental drill." - On an electric rotary tool.

"Caution: This is not a safety protective device," - On a plastic toy helmet used as a container for popcorn.

"May irritate eyes." On a can of self-defense pepper- spray.

Eating rocks may lead to broken teeth." - On a novelty rock garden set called Popcorn Rock" .

"Caution: Hot beverages are hot!" - On a coffee cup.

"Please keep out of children." - On a butcher knife.

"Do not use for drying pets." - In the manual for a microwave oven.

"Remember, objects in the mirror are actually behind you." - On a motorcycle helmet-mounted rear-view mirror. " "

"Warning: Do not climb inside this bag and zip it. Doing so will cause injury and death. "A label inside a protective bag (for fragile objects), which measures 15cm by 15cm by 12cm.

"Do not use as ear plugs." - On a package of silly putty.

"Warning: knives are sharp! " - On the packaging of a sharpening stone.

"Twist top off with hands. Throw top away. Do not put top in mouth. "- On the label of a bottled drink.

"Warning: has been found to cause cancer in laboratory mice. " - On a box of rat poison.

"Caution: Remove infant before folding for storage. " – On a portable stroller.

"Do not iron clothes on body." - On packaging for a Rowenta iron.

Wearing of this garment does not enable you to fly." - On a child sized Superman costume.

Задание 3. Изучите данные телеграммы. Как в них реализуется принцип компрессии содержание? Напишите тедешграмму на английском языке родственникам/друзьям и т.д., принимая во внимание то, что в телеграммах на английском языке опускаются артикли, вспомогательные глаголы и предлоги. Составьте аналогичные телеграммы на русском языке.

1. Requests

ALL MONEY STOLEN SEND FIFTY POUNDS IMMEDIATELY CARE YOUTH HOSTEL ATHENS PETER

2. Response to requests

FIFTY POUNDS ARRIVING CNTRAL LLOYD BANK ATHENS WEDNESDAY STOP MORE NEEDED INFORM FATHER

3. Plans and arrangements

UNABLE ARRIVE TUESDAY NIGHT STOP MEETING WEDNESDAY STOP ARRIVING FRIDAY MORNING GATWICK WITH BETH GEORGE

4. Information: positive

DON’T FAINT STOP GOT MARRIED YESTERDAY IN NEW CASTLE STOPCROSS FINGERS STOP LINDY PAUL

5. Information: negative

JOHN KILLED LIST NIGHT ACCIDENT CAN YOU COME IMMEDIATELY STOP NATALIE NEEDS YOU BOTH RICHARD

Задание 4. Изучите следующие информационно-речевые указатели как примеры стандартных речевых формул. Какие из них можно встретить в русской языковой культуре, а какие имеют ярко-выраженную национально-культурную специфику?

Keep out.

Fire door. Do not block.

No parking.

Do not trespass on the railway.

Trespassing will be prosecuted.

Obstructing the door can be dangerous.

Anyone interfering with the driver of the bus will be prosecuted.

Tow-away area.

Please offer this seat to elderly or disabled people or those carrying children.

Briefcases and packages are subject to inspection.

Beware: thieves operate in this building. (Ноттингемский университет)

Please, give up this seat if an elderly or handicapped person needs it.

Please, remember to take all your belongings with you when you leave the train.

Thank you for not smoking.

Please close the door. Thank you.

Please keep off the grass. Thank you.

In the interest of the majority of our passengers please would you not smoke on this bus.

Please be careful on the steps.

Mind the steps.

Please do not place coats, etc. under your seat as it interferes with ventilation (В Королевском национальном театре в Лондоне).

Please do not feed the animals. Love and respect is all they need.

Those who throw objects to the crocodiles will be asked to retrieve them.

Задание 5. Проанализируйте данные мини-диалоги из реальных судебных разбирательств. Как стремление исключить двоякие толкования в суде приводят порой к абсурду?

***

Lawyer: "Can you describe what the person who attacked you looked like?"

Witness: "No, he was wearing a mask."

Lawyer: "What was he wearing under the mask?"

Witness: "Er …his face."

***

Lawyer: "This myasthenia gravis.'— does it affect your

memory at all?"

Witness: "Yes."

Lawyer: "And in what way does it affect your memory?"

Witness: "I forget."

Lawyer: "You forget. Can you give us an example of

something that you've forgotten?"

***

Lawyer: "What was the first thing your husband said to you when he woke that morning?"

Witness; "He said, "Where am I, Cathy?"

Lawyer: "And why did that upset you?"

Witness: "My name is Susan."

***

Lawyer: "Doctor, before you performed the autopsy, did you check for a pulse?''

Witness: "No."

Lawyer: "Did you check for blood pressure?"

Witness: "No."

Lawyer: "Did you check for breathing?"

Witness: "No."

Lawyer: "So, then it is possible that the patient was alive when you began the autopsy?" Witness: "No."

Lawyer: "How can you be so sure, Doctor?"

Witness: "Because his brain was sitting on my desk in a jar."

***

Lawyer: "What happened then?"

Witness: "He told me, he says, "I have to kill you because you can identify me."

Lawyer: "Did he kill you?"

Witness: "No."

***

Witness: "He was about medium height and had a beard."

Lawyer: "Was this a male or a female?"

***

Lawyer: "I show you Exhibit 3 and ask you if you recognize that picture."

Witness: "That's me."

Lawyer: "Were you present when that picture was taken?

. ***

Lawyer: "Do you have any children or anything of that kind?"

***

Lawyer: "She had three children, right?'

Witness: "Yes."

Lawyer: "How many were boys?"

Witness: "None."

Lawyer: "Were there girls?"

***

Lawyer: "You don’t know what it was and you what it looked like, but can you describe it?"

***

Lawyer: "You say that the stairs went down to the basement?"

Witness: "Yes."

Lawyer: "And these stairs, did they go up also?"

***

Lawyer: "Doctor, how many autopsies have you performed on dead people?"

Witness: "All my autopsies have been performed on dead people."

***

Lawyer: "Were you acquainted with the deceased?"

Witness: "Yes sir."

Lawyer: "Before or after he died?"

***

Lawyer: "Mrs. Jones, is your appearance this morning pursuant to a deposition notice which I sent to your attorney?"

Witness: "No. This is how I dress when I go to work.

Задание 6. Проанализируйте следующие тексты, принадлежащие к официально-деловому функциональному стилю. К каким подстилям и жанрам их можно отнести? Почему? Какие функции реализуются в каждом тексте? Выявите графические, лексические, грамматические и синтаксические особенности приведенных текстов и занесите результаты в таблицу:

№ текста	Графические особенности	Лексические особенности	Синтаксические особенности	Грамматические особенности

Текст 1

David Warren

1823 Stackhouse Ln.

Akron, OH 44301

dw36@psu.edu

Home (817) 555-0021

Office (817) 555-9010

__________________

Objective

A tenure track position in a well estabilished sociology department, which will allow for adequate time and funding to be directed toward research.

Summary of Achievements

Rhodes Scholar

1988 - 1990: Awarded two years of post-graduate study at Oxford University. Pursued the M.Phil in Social Sciences.

Gene Landis Award for Outstanding Teaching

1995 & 1997: Selected by the student body of York College.

Experience

1999 - Present

Assistant Professor, Sociology - University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

Taught such notable courses as "Intro to Sociology", "Sociology of Inequality", and "The McDonaldization of Society".

1995 - 1998

Lecturer, York College, York, PA

Education

Ph.D, Sociology, 1994

Penn State University, State College, PA

Specialization: Global inequality, sociology of marriage

M.Phil, Social Sciences, 1990

Oxford College, Oxford, UK

B.A. Sociology, Literature 1988

Cornell University

Ithaca, NY

Selected Publications

"Building More Prisons: Retribution or Rehabilitation?", American Journal of Sociology. Worthington Press, June 1995

"Big Mac Nation", published in The Globalization Reader. Bretton-Woods Press. August, 1997.

Текст 2

Letter of recommendation for teacher

 Dear Fellow Educator:

I have had the joy and satisfaction of working successfully with Carolina Smith during the 2009-2010 School year at Henry Cole Middle School in Kansas City, Kansas. In my capacity as Language Arts Department Head. I’ve personally witnessed her cooperative spirit, professional attitude, and caring disposition.

Carolina works collaboratively with her colleagues and has developed an especially close, working relationship with the other two Language arts teachers at the seventh grade level. Together, they have developed units in response writing, homophone spelling, and grammar skill building. Additionally, one of Carolina’s exceptionally strong methodologies is her use of cooperative groups. Whenever we meet as a department of discuss education issues in other forums, I have always found her to be the quintessential professional, listening to others opinions with interest, offering suggestions based upon sound pedagogy, and demonstrating a sincere willingness to try new strategies. Earnestly caring for her fellow teachers and the students she serves is also a strong and noticeable trait in her personality.

Although Carolina teaches Language Arts expertly and has successfully fulfilled an assignment this school year in seventh grade English and Literature, she is also most definitely qualified to teach Social Studies; in fact, her first teaching love is in this important subject area. She has lived in Saudi Arabia and studied Japanese and Latin American cultures in college. With a Bachelor of Arts degree in American History, a wealth of experience teaching Social Studies at the high school level, and a passionate love for teaching history in all of its diversity and culture, her presence on your teaching team will be a tremendous asset.

Carolina Smith has a pleasant, easy-going disposition, is fun to be with at both professional and social gatherings, and is cheerful, positive, and friendly. She will fit in very comfortably with a group of professional educators who are serious about their work but also know when it is the right time to joke and relax. Her professionalism is a well-balanced blend of competence, experience, and cordiality. I eagerly give my endorsement of Carolina Smith’s skills and professionalism without qualification and with the highest praise.

Professionaly,

Henrik T Samuels, Ed.D.

Head of the Department

Language Arts and Literature

Henry Cole Middle School

Kansas City, Kansas.

Date: 12^th December 2010

Текст 3

Contract for Purchase of a Car

Buyer's Name

Seller's Name

Address

Address

City, State, ZIP

City, State, ZIP

Phone

Phone

The Seller hereby conveys to the Buyer full ownership and title to the motor vehicle described below:

Description of Motor Vehicle Sold:

Year ___________ Make ________ Model _______

VIN: _______________________________________________

The Buyer hereby agrees to pay the Seller $X on MM/DD/YY, and $Y on the Nth day of each month beginning MM/DD/YY, until all payments made to the Seller total $X.

If Buyer fails to make a payment on or before its due date, a late fee of $X shall be added to the balance due and shall be payable immediately.

Both parties hereby agree that this is an "as-is" sale, with no warranties of any kind expressed or implied.

This agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of ______________ and the County of _________________ and any applicable U. S. laws.

The parties hereby signify their agreement to the terms above by their signatures affixed below:

_____________________________________

Buyer's signature, date

_________________________________

Seller's signature, date

Текст 4

Hair Salon Booth Rental Agreement

Hair Salon Booth Rental Agreement

Rental Provisions

• Stylist, listed above, is renting a booth/station from Owner, also listed above.

• The rental period will begin on {date} and end {when it will end}.

• Stylist will pay a fee of {amount} every {week, month} for this rental space.

• Payment must be made {by a certain date, by check, etc.}.

• Stylist will be an independent contractor, not an employee of the salon.

• Stylist will conduct his/her business during the normal business hours of the salon.

• Owner will provide {list of what owner will provide for Stylist}.

• Stylist will be responsible for {anything stylist will be responsible for during the rental period}.

• Stylist will, at all times, dress professionally and in a manner befitting the atmosphere of the salon.

• Stylist will maintain a clean and orderly workspace, free of material that may be considered offensive or inappropriate for the environment. Suitability of the material is subject to Owner's discretion.

• Stylist {is/is not} permitted to sublet the rental space.

• Stylist is responsible for any damage to the rental space caused by his/her customers, guests, or by himself/herself.

• This agreement is enforceable under the laws and regulations of the state of {State}.

_____________________________                                      _____________________________ Stylist Name                                                                            Stylist Signature

Date:

_____________________________                                      _____________________________ Owner Name                                                                           Owner Signature

Date:

Текст 5

Sample Memo

Engineering Physics University of Wisconsin September 23, 1997

To:

From:

Subject:

Professor Michael Alley

Cindy Reese CTR

Request to Research How Credit Was Awarded for the Discovery of Nuclear Fission

For my EPD 397 project, please grant me permission to study the way in which credit has been awarded for the discovery of nuclear fission. Although Otto Hahn received the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery, several people assert that Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman should have also received credit. In my research, I will attempt to discern how credit should have been bestowed.

This topic meets the criteria for a successful topic in this course. First, I am interested in the topic. As a nuclear engineering student, I realize that the discovery of nuclear fission was perhaps the single most important discovery this century in my field. As a woman scientist, I am also deeply interested in the successes and challenges faced by other women scientists. A second way in which this topic meets the criteria is that it can be quickly researched. A computer search in the library has revealed many sources available on this topic. Attached to this memo is a summary of one such source, Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics by Ruth Sime.

This topic also meets the third criterion for a successful topic in this course, namely, that it be technical. The fission of a uranium nuclear involves an understanding of both chemistry and physics principles. By focussing on this single discovery, I believe that I can achieve the fourth crierion for a successful topic: the achievement of depth. Finally, because the library system at the University of Wisconsin offers such a wide array of possible sources, including papers in German, and because many of these sources have been written for audiences more technical than my intended audience, I believe that I can create a project that is unique.

If you have any suggestions for modifying this topic, please let me know. With your permission, I will continue researching.

Attachment.

Текст 6

The Americans With Disabilities Act - An Employer's Responsibilities

The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) makes it unlawful for an employer with 15 or more employees to discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability. The Michigan Persons with Disabilities Civil Rights Act, which is similar to the ADA in many respects, covers employers with one or more employees. This article addresses a number of disability law issues relevant to employers.

Who is protected by the ADA? The ADA applies to a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities (like walking, standing, or breathing). Examples include individuals who have physical conditions such as epilepsy, diabetes, severe forms of arthritis, hypertension, or carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as individuals with mental impairments such as major depression, bipolar (manic-depressive) disorder, and mental retardation.

An individual with a disability must be able to perform the essential functions of the job, with or without an accommodation, in order to be protected by the ADA. The individual must also be otherwise qualified for the position. This means that an individual must be able to satisfy the job requirements for educational background, employment experience, skills, licenses, and any other job-related qualification standards.

What qualifies as an essential function? Essential functions are the fundamental job duties of the position. Relevant factors include:

• whether the reason the position exists is to perform that function;

• the number of other employees available to perform the function; and

• the degree of expertise or skill required to perform the function.

What employment practices are covered? The ADA makes it unlawful to discriminate in all employment practices, including recruitment, hiring, firing, pay, promotions, job assignments, training, leave, layoffs, benefits, etc. In addition, the ADA prohibits an employer from retaliating against an applicant or employee for asserting his or her rights under the ADA.

The ADA also makes it unlawful to discriminate against an applicant or employee, whether disabled or not, because of the individual's relationship or association with an individual with a disability.

What does the ADA require an employer to do? Employers covered by the ADA have to make sure that people with disabilities:

• have an equal opportunity to apply for jobs and to work in jobs for which they are qualified;

• have an equal opportunity to be promoted;

• have equal access to benefits and privileges of employment that are offered to other employees; and

• are not harassed because of their disability.

Further, an employer is also required to provide a reasonable accommodation if a person with a disability needs one in order to apply for a job, perform a job, or enjoy benefits equal to those offered to other employees. An employer does not have to provide any accommodation that would pose an undue hardship.

Текст 7

Hostile Environment Claims: Not Limited to Sexual Harassment

Harassment Basics

Human Resources Ads

Most employers are aware of problems related to and have adopted policies prohibiting sexual harassment. An employer who limits its anti-harassment efforts to claims of sexual harassment, however, does so at its own risk.

Both the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and the Michigan Department of Civil Rights (MDCR) have taken the position that conduct constituting harassment on the basis of any protected class is unlawful. They have also determined that the analysis used in sexual harassment cases should be applied to cases involving harassment because of race, gender, religion, national origin, age and disability. (Check the laws and positions of governmental entities in your own state or country.)

Sample Workplace Harassment Decisions

Recent court decisions are consistent with the position taken by these administrative agencies. Examples of such decisions about workplace harassment include:

• Hispanic and African-American employees were allowed to pursue hostile environment claims on the basis of race and/or national origin discrimination when they were subjected to ethnic and racial slurs.

• An employer’s harassment policy was found to be inadequate because it recognized only harassment based upon sexual advances and propositions, and not harassment based upon gender.

• An employee stated a claim for religious harassment when her supervisor criticized and berated her for her lack of availability on her religious holiday and made derogatory statements to her about her faith.

• A court allowed a disability hostile environment claim by an employee whose supervisor taunted him about his disability, required him to perform work beyond his physical limitations and called him various derogatory names related to his disability.

• A court refused to dismiss a case before trial, holding that a jury should decide whether age was a factor in an employee’s termination. The court cited the fact that a supervisor referred to the employee as “old man” and frequently referred to his aging appearance.

Proactive handling of harassment issues in the workplace should be a priority for all employers. In order to assist employers with this process, the EEOC has issued guidelines addressing numerous forms of harassment. This information can be accessed on the EEOC’s web site.

Текст 8

GENERAL POWER OF ATTORNEY

I, [YOUR FULL LEGAL NAME], residing at [YOUR FULL ADDRESS], hereby appoint ___________________________________ of _________________________, _________________________, as my Attorney-in-Fact ("Agent").

If my Agent is unable to serve for any reason, I designate ___________________________________, of _________________________, ______________________ as my successor Agent.

I hereby revoke any and all general powers of attorney that previously have been signed by me. However, the preceding sentence shall not have the effect of revoking any powers of attorney that are directly related to my health care that previously have been signed by me.

My Agent shall have full power and authority to act on my behalf. This power and authority shall authorize my Agent to manage and conduct all of my affairs and to exercise all of my legal rights and powers, including all rights and powers that I may acquire in the future. My Agent's powers shall include, but not be limited to, the power to:

1. Open, maintain or close bank accounts (including, but not limited to, checking accounts, savings accounts, and certificates of deposit), brokerage accounts, and other similar accounts with financial institutions.

a. Conduct any business with any banking or financial institution with respect to any of my accounts, including, but not limited to, making deposits and withdrawals, obtaining bank statements, passbooks, drafts, money orders, warrants, and certificates or vouchers payable to me by any person, firm, corporation or political entity.

b. Perform any act necessary to deposit, negotiate, sell or transfer any note, security, or draft of the United States of America, including U.S. Treasury Securities.

c. Have access to any safe deposit box that I might own, including its contents.

2. Sell, exchange, buy, invest, or reinvest any assets or property owned by me. Such assets or property may include income producing or non-income producing assets and property.

3. Purchase and/or maintain insurance, including life insurance upon my life or the life of any other appropriate person.

4. Take any and all legal steps necessary to collect any amount or debt owed to me, or to settle any claim, whether made against me or asserted on my behalf against any other person or entity.

5. Enter into binding contracts on my behalf.

6. Exercise all stock rights on my behalf as my proxy, including all rights with respect to stocks, bonds, debentures, or other investments.

7. Maintain and/or operate any business that I may own.

8. Employ professional and business assistance as may be appropriate, including attorneys, accountants, and real estate agents.

9. Sell, convey, lease, mortgage, manage, insure, improve, repair, or perform any other act with respect to any of my property (now owned or later acquired) including, but not limited to, real estate and real estate rights (including the right to remove tenants and to recover possession). This includes the right to sell or encumber any homestead that I now own or may own in the future.

10. Prepare, sign, and file documents with any governmental body or agency, including, but not limited to, authorization to:

a. Prepare, sign and file income and other tax returns with federal, state, local, and other governmental bodies.

b. Obtain information or documents from any government or its agencies, and negotiate, compromise, or settle any matter with such government or agency (including tax matters).

c. Prepare applications, provide information, and perform any other act reasonably requested by any government or its agencies in connection with governmental benefits (including military and social security benefits).

11. Make gifts from my assets to members of my family and to such other persons or charitable organizations with whom I have an established pattern of giving. However, my Agent may not make gifts of my property to the Agent. I appoint ___________________________________, of _________________________, _________________________, _________________________ __________, as my substitute Agent for the sole purpose of making gifts of my property to my Agent, as appropriate.

12. Transfer any of my assets to the trustee of any revocable trust created by me, if such trust is in existence at the time of such transfer.

13. Disclaim any interest which might otherwise be transferred or distributed to me from any other person, estate, trust, or other entity, as may be appropriate.

This Power of Attorney shall be construed broadly as a General Power of Attorney. The listing of specific powers is not intended to limit or restrict the general powers granted in this Power of Attorney in any manner.

Any power or authority granted to my Agent under this document shall be limited to the extent necessary to prevent this Power of Attorney from causing: (i) my income to be taxable to my Agent, (ii) my assets to be subject to a general power of appointment by my Agent, and (iii) my Agent to have any incidents of ownership with respect to any life insurance policies that I may own on the life of my Agent.

My Agent shall not be liable for any loss that results from a judgment error that was made in good faith. However, my Agent shall be liable for willful misconduct or the failure to act in good faith while acting under the authority of this Power of Attorney.

I authorize my Agent to indemnify and hold harmless any third party who accepts and acts under this document.

My Agent shall be entitled to reasonable compensation for any services provided as my Agent. My Agent shall be entitled to reimbursement of all reasonable expenses incurred in connection with this Power of Attorney.

My Agent shall provide an accounting for all funds handled and all acts performed as my Agent, if I so request or if such a request is made by any authorized personal representative or fiduciary acting on my behalf.

This Power of Attorney shall become effective immediately, and shall not be affected by my disability or lack of mental competence, except as may be provided otherwise by an applicable state statute. This is a Durable Power of Attorney. This Power of Attorney shall continue effective until my death. This Power of Attorney may be revoked by me at any time by providing written notice to my Agent.

Dated ____________________, 2000 at __________________, _________________________.

[YOUR SIGNATURE] __________________________________ [YOUR FULL LEGAL NAME] [WITNESS' SIGNATURE] __________________________________ [WITNESS' FULL LEGAL NAME] [WITNESS' SIGNATURE] __________________________________ [WITNESS' FULL LEGAL NAME]

STATE OF _____________________

COUNTY OF ____________________

In _______________, on the _____________ day of ____________, 20 __, before me, a Notary Public in and for the above state and county, personally appeared known to me or proved to be the person named in and who executed the foregoing instrument, and being first duly sworn, such person acknowledged that he or she executed said instrument for the purposes therein contained as his or her free and voluntary act and deed.

_______________________________

NOTARY PUBLIC

My Commission Expires: ________

(SEAL)

Задание 7. Проанализируйте следующие тексты, принадлежащие к научно-техническому функциональному стилю. К каким подстилям и жанрам их можно отнести? Почему? Какие функции реализуются в каждом тексте? Выявите графические, лексические, грамматические и синтаксические особенности приведенных текстов и занесите результаты в таблицу:

№ текста	Лексические особенности	Синтаксические особенности	Грамматические особенности

Текст 1

An autopsy—also known as a post-mortem examination, necropsy (particularly as to non-human bodies), autopsia cadaverum, or obduction—is a highly specialized surgical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.

Autopsies are performed for either legal or medical purposes. For example, a forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. Autopsies can be further classified into cases where external examination suffices, and those where the body is dissected and internal examination is conducted. Permission from next of kin may be required for internal autopsy in some cases. Once an internal autopsy is complete the body is reconstituted by sewing it back together.

The principal aim of an autopsy is to determine the cause of death, the state of health of the person before he or she died, and whether any medical diagnosis and treatment before death was appropriate.

In most Western countries the number of autopsies performed in hospitals has been decreasing every year since 1955. Critics, including pathologist and former JAMA editor George Lundberg, have charged that the reduction in autopsies is negatively affecting the care delivered in hospitals, because when mistakes result in death, they are often not investigated and lessons therefore remain unlearned.

When a person has given permission in advance of their death, autopsies may also be carried out for the purposes of teaching or medical research.

An autopsy is frequently performed in cases of sudden death, where a doctor is not able to write a death certificate, or when death is believed to result from an unnatural cause. These examinations are performed under a legal authority (Medical Examiner or Coroner or Procurator Fiscal) and do not require the consent of relatives of the deceased. The most extreme example is the examination of murder victims, especially when medical examiners are looking for signs of death or the murder method, such as bullet wounds and exit points, signs of strangulation, or traces of poison. Many religions such as Judaism and Islam usually discourage the performing of autopsies on their adherents. Organizations such as Zaka in Israel and Misaskim in the USA generally guide families how to ensure that an unnecessary autopsy is not made.

Текст 2

Development

Brain of a human embryo in the sixth week of development

The brain does not simply grow, but rather develops in an intricately orchestrated sequence of stages. It changes in shape from a simple swelling at the front of the nerve cord in the earliest embryonic stages, to a complex array of areas and connections. Neurons are created in special zones that contain stem cells, and then migrate through the tissue to reach their ultimate locations. Once neurons have positioned themselves, their axons sprout and navigate through the brain, branching and extending as they go, until the tips reach their targets and form synaptic connections. In a number of parts of the nervous system, neurons and synapses are produced in excessive numbers during the early stages, and then the unneeded ones are pruned away.

For vertebrates, the early stages of neural development are similar across all species. As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure, a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate, the precursor of the nervous system. The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove, and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube, a hollow cord of cells with a fluid-filled ventricle at the center. At the front end, the ventricles and cord swell to form three vesicles that are the precursors of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. At the next stage, the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon (which will contain the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and related structures) and the diencephalon (which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus). At about the same time, the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon (which will contain the cerebellum and pons) and the myelencephalon (which will contain the medulla oblongata). Each of these areas contains proliferative zones where neurons and glial cells are generated; the resulting cells then migrate, sometimes for long distances, to their final positions.

Once a neuron is in place, it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it. Axons, because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets, grow in a particularly complex way. The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone, studded with chemical receptors. These receptors sense the local environment, causing the growth cone to be attracted or repelled by various cellular elements, and thus to be pulled in a particular direction at each point along its path. The result of this pathfinding process is that the growth cone navigates through the brain until it reaches its destination area, where other chemical cues cause it to begin generating synapses. Considering the entire brain, thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding.

The synaptic network that finally emerges is only partly determined by genes, though. In many parts of the brain, axons initially "overgrow", and then are "pruned" by mechanisms that depend on neural activity. In the projection from the eye to the midbrain, for example, the structure in the adult contains a very precise mapping, connecting each point on the surface of the retina to a corresponding point in a midbrain layer. In the first stages of development, each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by chemical cues, but then branches very profusely and makes initial contact with a wide swath of midbrain neurons. The retina, before birth, contains special mechanisms that cause it to generate waves of activity that originate spontaneously at a random point and then propagate slowly across the retinal layer. These waves are useful because they cause neighboring neurons to be active at the same time; that is, they produce a neural activity pattern that contains information about the spatial arrangement of the neurons. This information is exploited in the midbrain by a mechanism that causes synapses to weaken, and eventually vanish, if activity in an axon is not followed by activity of the target cell. The result of this sophisticated process is a gradual tuning and tightening of the map, leaving it finally in its precise adult form.

Similar things happen in other brain areas: an initial synaptic matrix is generated as a result of genetically determined chemical guidance, but then gradually refined by activity-dependent mechanisms, partly driven by internal dynamics, partly by external sensory inputs. In some cases, as with the retina-midbrain system, activity patterns depend on mechanisms that operate only in the developing brain, and apparently exist solely to guide development.

Текст 3

Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, United States that develops, manufactures, licenses and supports a wide range of products and services related to computing. The company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975. Microsoft is the world's largest software maker measured by revenues.^[3] It is also one of the world's most valuable companies.

Microsoft was established to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800. It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. The company's 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, created an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion in its largest acquisition to date.

As of 2012, Microsoft is market dominant in both the PC operating system and office suite markets (the latter with Microsoft Office). The company also produces a wide range of other software for desktops and servers, and is active in areas including internet search (with Bing), the video game industry (with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles), the digital services market (through MSN), and mobile phones (via the Windows Phone OS). In June 2012, Microsoft announced that it would be entering the PC vendor market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface tablet computer.

In the 1990s, critics began to contend that Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying, put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U.S. Department of Justice and European Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws.

Текст 4

Provisional Patent Sample Description

Computer Input Device (Mouse)

There is a computer input device having a position detecting device disposed on a bottom face, a plurality of buttons on the top face, and a communication device able to connect to a computer and transmit information from the position detecting device and the plurality of buttons so that the computer may react according to that information, such as, but not limited to, moving a cursor on a screen.

(Notice that the description of the requirements to filing a provisional patent talks about each of the functional parts of the invention; next, the provisional patent sample will describe each of those in more detail and give example - only one is described below to keep this short and sweet.)

The position detecting device may be any device that can determine a position or position change of the device. Examples include: accelerometers, track-balls, registered laser detectors, and the like. The position detecting device may detect a change in position along one or more axis.

(After all the important parts have been explained well enough that it is clear that you have fully conceived of the invention and explained well enough that someone experienced could built it, then you want to talk about variations - here is a provisional patent application variations section.)

Even though the drawing shows a pod-shaped device with a button and a track ball, the invention may be shaped differently, such as being rectangular, pyramid-shaped, and/or ball-shaped. The device may be made out of different materials such as metals, wood, plastics, composites, glass.

(The key to this provisional patent application variations section is to think of all the different ways the invention might be made, used, or sold and describe them in some good detail. Even bad ideas (a pyramid-shaped mouse) should be included because they help broaden out the description.)

The application should include labeled patent drawings too. A picture is worth a thousand words! Label the important parts that you describe in your text.

Текст 5

CONCEPTS WE LIVE BY

(from: George Lakoff “Metaphors we live by” http://www.theliterarylink.com/metaphors.html)

Metaphor is for most people device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish - a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action. For this reason, most people think they can get along perfectly well without metaphor. We have found on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.

The concepts that govern our thought are not just matters of the intellect. They also govern our everyday functioning, down to the most mundane details. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world, and how we relate to other people. Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we thinks what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor.

But our conceptual system is not something we are normally aware of. in most of the little things we do every day, we simply think and act more or less automatically along certain lines. Just what these lines are is by no means obvious. One way to find out is by looking at language. Since communication is based on the same conceptual system that we use in thinking and acting, language is an important source of evidence for what that system is like.

Primarily on the basis of linguistic evidence, we have found that most of our ordinary conceptual system is metaphorical in nature. And we have found a way to begin to identify in detail just what the metaphors are halt structure how we perceive, how we think, and what we do.

To give some idea of what it could mean for a concept to be metaphorical and for such a concept to structure an everyday activity, let us start with the concept ARGUMENT and the conceptual metaphor ARGUMENT IS WAR. This metaphor is reflected in our everyday language by a wide variety of expressions:

ARGUMENT IS WAR

Your claims are indefensible.

He attacked every weak point in my argument.

His criticisms were right on target.

I demolished his argument.

I've never won an argument with him.

you disagree? Okay, shoot!

If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out.

He shot down all of my arguments.

It is important to see that we don't just talk about arguments in terms of

It is important to see that we don't just talk about arguments in terms of war. We can actually win or lose arguments. We see the person we are arguing with as an opponent. We attack his positions and we defend our own. We gain and lose ground. We plan and use strategies. If we find a position indefensible, we can abandon it and take a new line of attack. Many of the things we do in arguing are partially structured by the concept of war. Though there is no physical battle, there is a verbal battle, and the structure of an argument--attack, defense, counter-attack, etc. - reflects this. It is in this sense that the ARGUMENT IS WAR metaphor is one that we live by in this culture; its structures the actions we perform in arguing. Try to imagine a culture where arguments are not viewed in terms of war, where no one wins or loses, where there is no sense of attacking or defending, gaining or losing ground. Imagine a culture where an argument is viewed as a dance, the participants are seen as performers, and the goal is to perform in a balanced and aesthetically pleasing way. In such a culture, people would view arguments differently, experience them differently, carry them out differently, and talk about them differently. But we would probably not view them as arguing at all: they would simply be doing something different. It would seem strange even to call what they were doing "arguing." In perhaps the most neutral way of describing this difference between their culture and ours would be to say that we have a discourse form structured in terms of battle and they have one structured in terms of dance. This is an example of what it means for a metaphorical concept, namely, ARGUMENT IS WAR, to structure (at least in part) what we do and how we understand what we are doing when we argue. The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another.. It is not that arguments are a subspecies of war. Arguments and wars are different kinds of things--verbal discourse and armed conflict--and the actions performed are different kinds of actions. But ARGUMENT is partially structured, understood, performed, and talked about in terms of WAR. The concept is metaphorically structured, the activity is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured.

Текст 6

SONY Professional DVCAM

DVCAM offers a compact, cost-effective production solution for mainstream broadcast, internet and professional applications. The product range includes shoulder-held camcorders, pamcorders, portable field editors and non-linear editors. We are here to make this product reachable to you at a very competitive rate. We export to most of the countries where there is no sales office. Delivery can be arranged with ease, either by air or express courier service at a affordable price. Drop us  a e-mail to get your product soon.

 Introduction Video production styles continue to diversify in response to the rapid and tremendous growth in visual communication. In this fast-changing environment, the need is for equipment that meets the crucial demands for both higher productivity and greater creativity in professional video production. Since its launch in 1996 Sony DVCAM ™ has satisfied these demands and brought many notable benefits. Excellent picture and sound quality that only a digital format can provide, high-performance editing capabilities, and system versatility that makes it possible to migrate smoothly from analogue to digital – these are just some of the factors behind the success of DVCAM. A full model line-up for digital acquisition, editing and program playout has led to the rapid acceptance of DVCAM by business users, production facilities and broadcasters around the world. Many new models have been added to the DSR Series of DVCAM equipment, broadening the range of applications in ENG, field acquisition/ editing, simple editing and so on.

Select from the Sony DVCAM lineup and you will be choosing innovative equipment to bring both new solutions to your production demands and added performance benefits to your system.

The DVCAM format is the professional extension of the worldwide standard DV format. The DVCAM format uses 8-bit digital component recording with a 5:1 compression ratio and a sampling rate of 4:2:0. The unique compression algorithm provides excellent picture quality and superb multi-generation performance. The DVCAM format has a wider track pitch of 15 µm (compared with 10 µm for the DV format) which gives higher reliability for professional editing. It also offers superior digital audio performance, providing a wide dynamic range and excellent signal-to-noise ratio, comparable to CD quality. Alternative audio channel modes can be selected: a two-channel mode with 48 kHz/16-bit recording or a four-channel mode with 32 kHz/12-bit recording.

Задание 8. Инструкция пользователя. Проанализируйте, затем переведите текст, сравните свой пере­вод с двумя вариантами перевода.

POWER WINDOW CONTROL UNIT AQR 200

USER MANUAL APPLICATION

Controller AQR-200 is intended to control by two electrical motors in one direction.

Controller can operate in either controlled-duration or full travel type.

THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A POWER WINDOW SWITCH

To activate the window motor it must have +12 V on one of it leads and "ground" on the other in order to operate.

The switch, while at rest, may connect both these wires: to ground, or to +12 V (ignition).

When activated, all type of switches will send +12 V on one wire and ground on the other.

Which wire receives +12 V and which wire receives ground depend on the direction the window will go.

A lot of vehicles reverse polarity of motors by pressing the control buttons without relays, but in some vehicles there is used relays. In this case the AQR-200 must be connected between the relays and motors.

To control the windows by switches and although by security system you need the controller.

CONTROLLER CONTROL

The control input (yellow wire) it needed to connect with car alarm system output, which grounded in arm mode. If the system disarmed, by pressing control buttons it is possible to establish glasses in any position, and when the system is arming the glasses automatically will completely rise.

Вариант 1

ДВУХКАНАЛЬНЫЙ КОНТРОЛЛЕР ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДОВ СТЕКЛОПОДЪЕМНИКОВ. МОДЕЛЬ АQК-200

НАЗНАЧЕНИЕ

Контроллер предназначен для управления двумя элек­трическими стеклоподъемниками для закрытия двух окон автомобиля.

ПРИНЦИП ДЕЙСТВИЯ

Для включения электродвигателя стеклоподъемника на одну его клемму должно быть подано напряжение +12 вольт, а на другую — масса. Обычно кнопка управления стеклоподъемником прямо связана с электродвигателем двумя проводами. Когда кнопка не нажата, то на оба про­вода от бортовой сети поступает либо +12 вольт, либо масса. Когда кнопка нажата, то в первом случае одна из клемм подключается к массе, во втором случае — к на­пряжению +12 вольт. В зависимости от полярности под­ключения двигатель стеклоподъемника вращается либо в одну, либо в другую сторону.

В большинстве автомобилей управление от кнопки осу­ществляется напрямую, но в некоторых используются реле, в этом случае контроллер необходимо включать меж­ду реле и двигателем стеклоподъемника.

Для того чтобы движение стекла управлялось от кноп­ки вручную и могло управляться автомобильной охранной системой, необходим контроллер. Контроллер АQК-200 автоматически выключает электродвигатель, если стекло при своем движении встретит препятствие или полностью закроется. В зависимости от способа включения контрол­лера можно установить два режима работы.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ КОНТРОЛЛЕРОМ

Вход управления (желтый провод) необходимо соединить с выходом автомобильной системы охраны, на котором в режиме охраны появляется масса. Если охрана выключе­на, то при нажатии на кнопки управления можно устанав­ливать стекла в любом положении, а при включении охра­ны стекла автоматически полностью поднимутся.

Вариант 2

МОДУЛЬ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОСТЕКЛОПОДЪЕМНИКАМИ АОК-200

Руководство по эксплуатации

Модуль АQК-200 предназначен для управления двумя электродвигателями в одном направлении.

Модуль может производить полное или неполное зак­рывание стекла.

ПРИНЦИП РАБОТЫ ПЕРЕКЛЮЧАТЕЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОСТЕКЛОПОДЪЕМНИКА

Для включения электродвигателя стеклоподъемника на одну его клемму должно быть подано напряжение +12 вольт, а на другую — масса.

Когда кнопка управления стеклоподъемниками не на­жата, т. е. находится в среднем состоянии, оба провода электродвигателя подключены либо к +12 В, либо к массе.

При нажатии кнопки управления стеклоподъемниками, в зависимости от направления движения стекла, на одну из клемм поступает напряжение в +12 В, на другую — масса.

В большинстве автомобилей смена полярности электро­двигателя осуществляется напрямую нажатием кнопки уп­равления стеклоподъемником, однако в некоторых — ис­пользуются реле. В последнем случае модуль необходимо подключать между реле и двигателем стеклоподъемника.

Модуль также необходим для управления движением стекла от кнопки вручную или с помощью автомобильной охранной системы.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ МОДУЛЕМ

Входящий элемент управления (желтый провод) необ­ходимо соединить с выходным элементом автомобильной сигнализации, на который в режиме охраны поступает масса. Если охрана автомобиля выключена, то нажатием кнопки управления стёкла устанавливаются в любом по­ложении. При включении охраны стёкла автоматически поднимутся до упора.

Задание 9. Прочитайте и проанализируйте следующие тексты. К какому стилю/ подстилю/ жанру они принадлежат? Какие особенности являются характерными для текстов данного стиля? Осуществите их предпереводческий анализ.

Текст 1

Anti-Putin Stunt Earns Punk Band Two Years in Jail

By DAVID M. HERSZENHORN

MOSCOW — Three young women who staged an anti-Putin stunt in Moscow’s main Orthodox cathedral, and whose jailing became a cause célèbre championed by artists around the world, were convicted of hooliganism on Friday and sentenced to two years in a penal colony.

In the most high-profile rights case here in years, the imprisonment and trial of the women, members of a punk band called Pussy Riot, drew worldwide condemnation of constraints on political speech in Russia. Rallies in support of them were held in dozens of cities around the world on Friday, including Paris, New York and London, where demonstrators appeared outside the Russian Embassy wearing balaclavas, the band’s trademark headgear.

Human rights groups and Western governments, including the United States, immediately criticized the verdict as unjust and the sentence as unduly severe. Because the women acted as a group, they had faced a maximum sentence of seven years in prison. Prosecutors had urged a three-year sentence. The stiff punishment was handed down by a Moscow judge, Marina Syrova, who described the women as posing a danger to society and said they had committed “grave crimes” including “the insult and humiliation of the Christian faith and inciting religious hatred.”

 As word of the sentences spread, a crowd of protesters outside the courthouse howled angrily, and then seemed to fall into a stunned silence. Sporadic protests and violent arrests continued throughout the evening.

While the courtroom emptied, the three women were left in their glass enclosure, nicknamed the aquarium, and photographers were allowed to take pictures. As she was finally led away, the most outspoken of the three, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, said, “We are happy because we brought the revolution closer!” A police officer snapped back, “Well done.”

Lawyers for the women said they intended to appeal the decision.

Russia has seen an upwelling of dissent since disputed parliamentary elections last December, including demonstrations that drew tens of thousands of people onto the streets of Moscow. But the Pussy Riot case in recent weeks morphed into an international sensation, and focused intense attention on the efforts of the recently reinstalled president, Vladimir V. Putin, to clamp down on the opposition.

This was partly because of the sympathetic appearance of the defendants — two are mothers of young children — and partly because their group uses music to carry its message. But it also set them in a David-and-Goliath struggle against a formidable power structure: the Kremlin and the Russian Orthodox Church.

But while the case has allowed critics of Mr. Putin to portray his government as squelching free speech and presiding over a rigged judicial system, it has also given the government an opportunity to portray its political opponents as obscene, disrespectful rabble-rousers, liberal urbanites backed by the West in a conspiracy against the Russian state and the Russian church.

The extent of the culture clash was evident this month when Madonna paused during a concert in Moscow to urge the release of the women, who have been jailed since March, and performed in a black bra with “Pussy Riot” stenciled in bold letters on her back. The next day, Dmitry Rogozin, a deputy prime minister, posted a Twitter message calling Madonna a “whore.”

On Friday, the Russian Orthodox Church issued a statement that referred to Nazi aggression and the militant atheism of the Soviet era, and said, “What happened is blasphemy and sacrilege, the conscious and deliberate insult to the sanctuary and a manifestation of hostility to millions of people.”

The case began in February when the women infiltrated the Cathedral of Christ the Savior wearing colorful balaclavas, and pranced around in front of the golden Holy Doors leading to the altar, dancing, chanting and lip-syncing for what would later become a music video of a profane song in which they beseeched the Virgin Mary to rid Russia of Mr. Putin.

Security guards quickly stripped them of their guitars, but the video was completed with splices of footage from another church.

Because of the support they have received from stars like Madonna and Sting, the women of Pussy Riot have become more famous, at least outside Russia, than other political opposition leaders here, some of whom are also the subjects of investigations and prosecutions.

But while the women became minor celebrities, Pussy Riot is far more political than musical: Its members have never commercially released a song or an album, and they do not seem to have any serious aspirations to do so.

When their trial opened late last month, the women apologized, saying they had never intended to offend the Orthodox church but rather sought to make a political statement against Mr. Putin and against the church patriarch, Kirill I, for supporting Mr. Putin’s campaign for a third term as president.

But Judge Syrova, delivering her decision, said that the political comments were spliced into the video later, and that the action in the church was therefore motivated by religious hatred. She also cited evidence that the women had psychological disorders, and she criticized them for embracing feminism, though she noted that “belonging to feminism in the Russian Federation is not a legal violation or a crime.”

Although the guilty verdict was widely expected, there were several heartbeats of silence in the courtroom after Judge Syrova finished reading her decision. Then, from somewhere in the gallery came shouts of “Shame!” and “Disgrace!”

The defendants, Ms. Tolokonnikova, 23, Yekaterina Samutsevich, 30, and Maria Alyokhina, 24, standing in the glass-plated enclosure in which they were held throughout the trial, smiled to each other as the sentences were announced and rolled their eyes.

Outside the courthouse, supporters of the group chanted “Free Pussy Riot!” and clashed with the riot police. Dozens were arrested, including the former chess champion Garry Kasparov, who is active in the Russian political opposition. Mr. Kasparov fought with the police and appeared to be beaten as he was bundled into a police vehicle.

In Washington, where Obama administration officials followed the trial closely, seeing it as a measure of Mr. Putin’s new presidency and its own troubled relations with Russia, the White House and the State Department each criticized the verdict. The State Department all but called on Russia’s higher courts to overturn the conviction and “ensure that the right to freedom of expression is upheld.”

A White House spokesman, Tommy Vietor, said the verdict was disappointing and the sentences disproportionate. “While we understand that the group’s behavior was offensive to some, we have serious concerns about the way these young women have been treated by the Russian judicial system,” he said.

Amnesty International condemned the sentences, which a spokeswoman said showed “that the Russian authorities will stop at no end to suppress dissent and stifle civil society.”

Mr. Putin, commenting on the case briefly while in London for the Olympics this month, had said that he hoped the women would not be judged “too severely,” but that the decision was the court’s to make.

Mr. Putin’s spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, said after the verdict that the president had made his views on the case clear. But Mr. Peskov told the Interfax news agency, “He does not have the right to impose his view on the court.” The trial also showcased the often tilted nature of the judicial system. Defense lawyers were barred from calling most of the witnesses they wanted, including experts and some eyewitnesses, even as prosecutors were allowed to call witnesses who had seen the Pussy Riot performance only on video.

The women were given limited time to meet with their lawyers and also complained that they were not sufficiently fed or well rested.

Stanislav O. Samutsevich, the father of the oldest defendant, said that he had hoped for leniency. “Given that they have been imprisoned for five months, I hoped the sentence would be suspended,” he said in an interview outside the court.

Mr. Samutsevich said that the women were at once going through a classic case of Russian repression, while also getting caught up in a new alliance between church and state.

“This is the experience all generations of Russian people went through,” he said. “Our people were sent to prisons under all governments.” But, he added, “I think that we are rolling down to the practices of Iran, where one can get into prison for religious crimes, or Saudi Arabia. Is that what we want to see here?”

Reporting was contributed by Steven Lee Myers from Washington, and Nikolay Khalip, Anna Kordunsky, Ilya Mouzykantskii, Andrew Roth and Anna Tikhomirova from Moscow.

Текст 2

Father’s Age Is Linked to Risk of Autism and Schizophrenia

By BENEDICT CAREY

Published: August 22, 2012

Older men are more likely than young ones to father a child who develops autism or schizophrenia, because of random mutations that become more numerous with advancing paternal age, scientists reported on Wednesday, in the first study to quantify the effect as it builds each year. The age of mothers had no bearing on the risk for these disorders, the study found.

Experts said that the finding was hardly reason to forgo fatherhood later in life, though it may have some influence on reproductive decisions. The overall risk to a man in his 40s or older is in the range of 2 percent, at most, and there are other contributing biological factors that are entirely unknown.

But the study, published online in the journal Nature, provides support for the argument that the surging rate of autism diagnoses over recent decades is attributable in part to the increasing average age of fathers, which could account for as many as 30 percent of cases.

The findings also counter the long-standing assumption that the age of the mother is the most important factor in determining the odds of a child having developmental problems. The risk of chromosomal abnormalities, like Down syndrome, increases for older mothers, but when it comes to some complex developmental and psychiatric problems, the lion’s share of the genetic risk originates in the sperm, not the egg, the study found.

Previous studies had strongly suggested as much, but the new report quantifies that risk for the first time, calculating how much it accumulates each year.

The research team found that the average child born to a 20-year-old father had 25 random mutations that could be traced to paternal genetic material. The number increased steadily by two mutations a year, reaching 65 mutations for offspring of 40-year-old men.

The average number of mutations coming from the mother’s side was 15, no matter her age, the study found.

“This study provides some of the first solid scientific evidence for a true increase in the condition” of autism, said Dr. Fred Volkmar, director of the Child Study Center at the Yale School of Medicine, who was not involved in the research. “It is extremely well done and the sample meticulously characterized.”

The new investigation, led by the Icelandic firm deCODE Genetics, analyzed genetic material taken from blood samples of 78 parent-child trios, focusing on families in which parents with no signs of a mental disorder gave birth to a child who developed autism or schizophrenia. This approach allows scientists to isolate brand-new mutations in the genes of the child that were not present in the parents.

Most people have many of these so-called de novo mutations, which occur spontaneously at or near conception, and a majority of them are harmless. But recent studies suggest that there are several such changes that can sharply increase the risk for autism and possibly schizophrenia — and the more a child has, the more likely he or she is by chance to have one of these rare, disabling ones.

Some difference between the paternal and maternal side is to be expected. Sperm cells divide every 15 days or so, whereas egg cells are relatively stable, and continual copying inevitably leads to errors, in DNA as in life.

Still, when the researchers removed the effect of paternal age, they found no difference in genetic risk between those who had a diagnosis of autism or schizophrenia and a control group of Icelanders who did not. “It is absolutely stunning that the father’s age accounted for all this added risk, given the possibility of environmental factors and the diversity of the population,” said Dr. Kari Stefansson, the chief executive of deCODE and the study’s senior author. “And it’s stunning that so little is contributed by the age of the mother.”

Dr. Stefansson’s co-authors included C. Augustine Kong of deCODE and researchers from the University of Iceland, Aarhus University in Denmark, and the company Illumina Cambridge Ltd.

Dr. Stefansson said that it made sense that de novo mutations would play a significant role in brain disorders. At least 50 percent of active genes play a role in neural development, so that random glitches are more likely to affect the brain than other organs, which have less exposure.

In the end, these kinds of mutations may account for 15 to 30 percent of cases of autism, and perhaps schizophrenia, some experts said. The remainder is likely a result of inherited genetic mutations and environmental factors that are the subjects of numerous studies.

Dr. Stefansson and other experts said that an increase in the average age of fathers has most likely led to more cases of autism. Unlike other theories proposed to explain the increase, like vaccinations, it is backed by evidence that scientists agree is solid.

But this by itself hardly explains the overall increase in diagnoses, at least in the United States. The birthrate of fathers age 40 and older has increased by more than 30 percent since 1980, according to government figures, but the diagnosis rate has jumped tenfold, to 1 in 88 8-year-olds in the most recent government survey.

And it is not clear whether the rate of schizophrenia diagnosis has increased at all in that time.

Nonetheless, if these study findings hold up and extend to other brain disorders, wrote Alexey Kondrashov, of the University of Michigan, in an editorial accompanying the study, “then collecting the sperm of young adult men and cold-storing it for later use could be a wise individual decision.”

That very much depends on the individual, of course. “You are going to have guys who look at this and say, ‘Oh no, you mean I have to have all my kids when I’m 20 and stupid?’ ” said Evan E. Eichler, a professor of genome sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle. “Well, of course not. You have to understand that the vast majority of these mutations have no consequences, and that there are tons of guys in their 50s who have healthy children.”

Текст 3

New Yorker / www.newyorker.com/

August 21, 2012

Lester Bangs: Truth-teller

Every reader, starting from childhood, draws his own map of the world of letters. There is liable to be some outside guidance here and there, naturally. Certain landmarks are supplied to us, say in English class. But teachers aren’t found only in school. As a kid, my chief literary mentor was the rock critic Lester Bangs, who wrote for Creem magazine and The Village Voice in the seventies and early eighties. He shaped my nascent taste, and taught me to read much the way I still read now. And as much as I relied on his irresistible humor and wisdom for advice on how best to blow my birthday money at the Licorice Pizza record store, I sought him out still more to learn about books, in particular the forbidden and arcane books no conventional teacher would ever mention.

Lester Bangs was a wreck of a man, right up until his death in April of 1982, at the age of thirty-three. He was fat, sweaty, unkempt—an out-of-control alcoholic in torn jeans and a too-small black leather jacket; crocked to the gills on the Romilar cough syrup he swigged down by the bottle. He also had the most advanced and exquisite taste of any American writer of his generation, uneven and erratic as it was.

Bangs, who was born in 1948 and grew up in El Cajon, California, had been driven out into the wider world by a complicated, shambolic family: his mother, Norma, was a devout Jehovah’s Witness, and his father, Conway, was an incorrigible drunk. Many imaginative kids who feel trapped in oppressive surroundings find solace, pleasure, excitement, and every other kind of relief in music and literature: in Bangs’s case this tendency was exceptionally pronounced. The community of Witnesses Bangs’s family belonged to believed in an end-is-nigh ideology, and they disapproved of Christmas presents, birthday parties, and education beyond reading the Bible. Here is the root, perhaps, of the seductive ease and fluidity with which Bangs riffed on culture high and low. As the Witnesses equally rejected Coltrane, Miles Davis, Superman comics, and science fiction, so did this rebellious son love and accept them all equally and on the same plane. Bangs’s biographer, Jim DeRogatis (“Let It Blurt”), described Bangs’s nascent rebellion—and his growing sense of the untrustworthiness, incompetence, and hypocrisy of authority.

“The drawer where I kept my Classics Illustrated collection was subject to stringent, arbitrary and rather sudden swoops of censorship,” Les wrote at age twenty. “Things like ‘The War of the Worlds’ by H.G. Wells and ‘From the Earth to the Moon’ by Jules Verne, my literary mentor of the third grade, would suddenly appear in ripped piles atop the ashes when I’d go out to empty the trash into the incinerator on a winter morning. My mother thought science fiction was demented nonsense; all the Witnesses do. They hold that since the Bible never mentions life on other planets, there must not be any, and no one can sway them from their conclusions.”

And yet Norma indulged Lester enough that he seems to have managed a childhood of nonstop reading, listening, writing. “Days home from school faking flu I would put Trane on loud … and stand up on a hassock reading Allen Ginsberg’s ‘Howl,’” he wrote. But there are indications, too, that mother and son were very close. When Bangs found himself broke and washed up, his mother and sister would enclose sawbucks along with the Watchtower tracts they sent him. They had all shared Conway’s disgrace and death: they loved him, it seems, but he died in a fire, drunk and alone, having fled the family in shame.

The adult world outside Bangs’s childhood home bore unmistakable evidence of the same weaknesses he’d discovered inside it. The false Donna Reed visions of a happy, healthy, snow-white America of the postwar years, the disillusionment of the Vietnam war, and Nixon’s downfall; everywhere, the rebellion that had begun to precipitate in the Summer of Love now saturated the air and fermented. Bangs developed a pure hatred of the lies and whitewashings of religion and government, his mutiny balanced against a bone-deep love of the truth—no matter how messy or unpretty it might turn out to be—which he equated with the refuge he’d found in literature and music. In fact, the messier, the more “real” art could be, the better. He talked about this in what might be his most famous review, of Van Morrison’s “Astral Weeks”:

[T] he fall of 1968 was such a terrible time: I was a physical and mental wreck, nerves shredded and ghosts and spiders looming and squatting across the mind. My social contacts had dwindled almost to none; the presence of other people made me nervous and paranoid … [“Astral Weeks”] assumed at the time the quality of a beacon, a light on the far shores of the murk; what’s more, it was proof that there was something left to express artistically besides nihilism and destruction. It sounded like the man who made “Astral Weeks “was in terrible pain, pain most of Van Morrison’s previous works had only suggested; but … there was a redemptive element in the blackness, ultimate compassion for the suffering of others, and a swath of pure beauty and mystical awe that cut right through the heart of the work.

Along with many of his contemporaries, Bangs concluded that if “authority” was not to be trusted—and clearly, it wasn’t—then whatever “authority” detested must be O.K., or probably great. Hence the reactionary excesses of the nineteen-seventies, the chancy legacy of “don’t trust anyone over thirty.” Cocaine: a pure plant-derived substance that wouldn’t hurt you. Government: barely worth ignoring. If the squares were in favor of monogamy, then monogamy must be avoided at all costs, whether it appealed to you or not.

As for Bangs’s audience, the children of those years were far more sheltered from adult culture than they are now. While the rock stars whom we so admired were getting high and indulging their vast sexual appetites, the adults who were in charge of children were hell-bent on terrifying us with tall tales about sex and drugs and rock and roll: take acid and you might throw yourself out a window, certain you could fly, or become permanently convinced that you were a glass of orange juice. The cruel fates of these mythical victims were transparently bogus even to ten and twelve year olds, particularly those whose older siblings were already getting us stoned. Growing up at that time felt something like “The Truman Show”: the young intuited that they might break through the papier-mâché walls at any moment and into the “real world,” which probably really was scary but at least would be real. We sought reliable guides who wouldn’t lie to us, infantilize us, or sugar-coat anything, however flabby and wild-eyed they might be.

Sure there were other magazines and there were other writers. But for a certain cohort of bookishly-inclined kids, there was only one magazine and only one writer. I wasn’t the least bit surprised to learn that my contemporary, the late David Foster Wallace, had dedicated his first co-written book, “Signifying Rappers,” to Lester Bangs.

Maria Bustillos is a writer living in Los Angeles. Read her recent piece for Page-Turner on the reading lists of George Orwell, Henry Miller and others.

Read more http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/books/2012/08/how-lester-bangs-taught-me-to-read.html#ixzz24IhJpnMZ

Текст 4

New Yorker / www.newyorker.com/

Critic’s Notebook

Brown Thoughts

by Sasha Frere-Jones August 27, 2012

There are many reasons to be excited about the Detroit rapper Danny Brown: his nasal bungee cord of a voice; his easy way of controlling a stage; his disobedient bangs. What makes him good enough to land on the top of critics’ lists, though, is his genuine disregard for genre or regional style. On “Blueberry (Pills & Cocaine),” a recent collaboration with the British producer Darq E Freaker, Brown plays a libidinal party rapper, as base and effective a monosyllabic carny as Waka Flocka Flame. On “Grown Up,” another recent track, Brown easily summons the family-friendly storytelling of nineties rap acts like Pharcyde. On his 2011 mixtape, “XXX,” Brown was at home with brutally simple bounce beats and traditional sample beds—he mostly wants to rap and keep rapping. He is a hedonist, a nerd, a stylist, a comedian, and a dedicated student of those who came before him. On August 25th, Brown appears as part of MOMA PS1’s outdoor-music series, in a venue as open-ended and unpredictable as he is. 

Read more http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/notebook/2012/08/27/120827gonb_GOAT_notebook_frerejones#ixzz24IhnsM7q

Текст 5

New Yorker / www.newyorker.com/

The Theatre

Bedtime Stories

Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine’s take on children’s literature.

by Hilton Als August 27, 2012

ABSTRACT: THE THEATRE review of “Into the Woods.” Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine’s “Into the Woods” (at the Delacorte, in a Public Theatre production) is a disquieting show about disquiet. At first, the audience may be distracted from the musical’s uneasy themes by Sondheim’s beautiful score, but, at some point, the viewer will likely start to ask herself why Sondheim and Lapine have spent their considerable talent on this cast of characters, most of whom are not really characters at all but archetypes culled from fairy tales. Why does this story exist? Is it a story, or simply a structure erected to prop up the score? Wishing—for love, for a child, for understanding—connects the characters not only to one another but to the audience as well. The Baker (Denis O’Hare) and his wife (the wonderful Amy Adams) wish to have a child. But their house has been cursed, making them unable to conceive. Part of the fun of the first act of “Into the Woods” is being in on Sondheim and Lapine’s blatantly Freudian reading of these tales. The Witch tells the Baker and his wife that she’ll lift the curse from their house if they can collect a number of items: a red cape, a slipper, a lock of hair, and other signature props from other stories. Since director Timothy Sheader (Liam Steel is listed as the co-director) treats this production as something of a sex farce, the Wolf (the multitalented, charismatic Ivan Hernandez) gets a lot of play. But quirks are not character. Nor is our presumed knowledge of fairy tales enough to make any of these figures whole. When Sondheim does invest the text with pathos, it’s quite something.

Read more http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/theatre/2012/08/27/120827crth_theatre_als#ixzz24Ihwc4hk

Текст 6

The Current Cinema

Running Men

“The Bourne Legacy” and “Red Hook Summer.”

by David Denby August 13, 2012

ABSTRACT: THE CURRENT CINEMA review of “The Bourne Legacy” and “Red Hook Summer.” In “The Bourne Legacy,” the screenwriter and director Tony Gilroy has given additional life to the Bourne franchise by coming up with a new running man, Aaron Cross (Jeremy Renner). Like Bourne, he’s very quick: his body moves faster than our thoughts—he’s always surprising us. After “The Bourne Ultimatum,” director Paul Greengrass walked away, taking Matt Damon with him. The task of keeping the franchise alive fell to Gilroy, who worked on the earlier movies as a screenwriter, and who wrote the new film with his brother, Dan, and directed it. In the new movie, Bourne’s revelations about secret C.I.A. operations Treadstone and Blackbriar threaten still another clandestine program, called Outcome, which is not run by the C.I.A., but some retired military men, including Turso (Stacy Keach) and Byer (Edward Norton). Outcome has been fabulously successful, but its usefulness will end if the public finds out about it. So Turso and Byer decide to terminate the program immediately in order to save it for the long run, which requires murdering all the current agents, including Cross. The new movie continues the “Bourne” tradition of exciting, reality-based thrillers, but when the series lost its star it lost most of its soul. Spike Lee’s new Brooklyn-set film, “Red Hook Summer,” which is about a boy from Atlanta who spends the hot months with his grandfather, is a clear failure, yet Lee is getting at things that mystify him. He celebrates the intense joy that religion brings to the community—and seems to be asking at the same time whether repeated, emotionally overwhelming professions of faith don’t reconcile people to stasis and failure. It’s a bitter question, but not many people working in movies would have the courage even to pose it.

Read more http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/cinema/2012/08/13/120813crci_cinema_denby#ixzz24Ii9kFDI

Задание 10. Следующие тексты принадлежат к различным функциональным стилям. Определите их источники и выполните предпереводческий анализ.

Текст 1

Foundation of the Kievan state

The Invitation of the Varangians by Viktor Vasnetsov: Rurik and his brothers Sineus and Truvor arrive to the lands of Ilmen Slavs.

The kingdom of the Kievan Rus' was officially founded by Prince Oleg (Helgu in Khazarian records) about 880. The territory of his state was much smaller than the later state of Yaroslav the Wise. During the next 35 years, Oleg and his warriors subdued the various Eastern Slavic (Smolensk and Liubech) and Finnic tribes. In 882, Oleg deposed Askold and Dir subordinating Kiev directly to himself and choosing it as the capital city. In 883, Oleg conquered the Drevlians imposing a fur tribute on them. By 884 he managed to subjugate the Polians, Drevlians, Severians, Vyatichs, and Radimichs while at war with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs. The latter were located in the area known among the Greek historians as the Great Scythia (lands of lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers). In 907, Oleg led an attack against Constantinople with 80,000 warriors transported by 2,000 ships, leaving Igor, son of Rurik in Kiev. Through a treaty, Oleg managed to impose a tribute upon Greeks of no less than one million grivna. In 911, he signed a commercial treaty with the Byzantine Empire as an equal partner. After the death of Oleg later in 912, the Drevlians managed to break away, but were conquered again by Igor. In 914, Igor concluded a peace treaty with the Pechenegs, a nomadic tribe that was passing through Rus' towards the Danube River in order to attack the Byzantine Empire.

The new Kievan state prospered because it had an abundant supply of furs, beeswax and honey for export and because it controlled three main trade routes of Eastern Europe: the Volga trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Orient, the Dnieper trade route from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, and the trade route from the Khazars to the Germans (see Raffelstetten Customs Regulations).

Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice (949 and 968) an envoy to the Byzantine court, identifies the "Russi" with the Norse (Rusios, quos alio nos nomine Nordmannos apellamus, "the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name"), but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits (Gens quaedam est sub aquilonis parte constituta, quam a qualitate corporis Graeci vocant [...] Rusios, nos vero a positione loci nominamus Nordmannos, "A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin.").

Following the death of Grand Prince Igor in 945, his wife Olga ruled as regent in Kiev until their son Sviatoslav reached maturity (ca. 963). His decade-long reign over Rus' was marked by rapid expansion through the conquest of the Khazars of the Pontic steppe, and Invasion of the Balkans. By the end of his short life, Sviatoslav carved out for himself the largest state in Europe, eventually moving his capital from Kiev to Pereyaslavets on the Danube in 969. In contrast with his mother's conversion to Christianity, Sviatoslav, like his druzhina remained a staunch pagan. Due to his abrupt death in ambush, Sviatoslav's conquests, for the most part, were not consolidated into a functioning empire, while his failure to establish a stable succession led to fratricidal feud among his sons, resulted in two of his three sons being killed.

Текст 2

Compensation and Term

Client hereby retains BizTech Inc. and BizTech Inc. hereby agrees to perform the following services: Consulting services of BizTech Inc. as required by Client, through December 31, 20--. BizTech Inc. will at various times perform services at Client's headquarters, at other Client facilities, or at BizTech Inc. facilities, as directed by Client. BizTech Inc. will perform the services at various times and for various durations as directed by Client.

The following fees shall apply:

..........$X per hour for services.

Reasonable and necessary business and travel expenses actually incurred by BizTech Inc. shall be reimbursed by Client upon submission of expense reports with back-up documentation. All such expenses and all travel plans must be approved in advance by Client.

BizTech Inc. shall provide detailed invoices and shall maintain, and provide, upon request, backup documentation for a period of one year from the date of the respective invoices. Client shall make full payment for services within thirty days of invoice. If BizTech Inc. brings a legal action to collect any sums due under this Agreement, it shall be entitled to collect, in addition to all damages, its costs of collection, including reasonable attorney's fees.

This Agreement shall commence on the date stated above, and shall remain in effect until all obligations under this Agreement have been properly completed. Either party to this Agreement may terminate this Agreement with or without cause by providing at least 21 days written notice to the other party.

Текст 3

December 1, 1982

Jasmine Bernal ABS-GMA group of company 891 Global Center Building Edsa, Quezon City, Philippines

Dear Sir:

On behalf of our company, we thank you for your ordered products. However, we are sorry to tell you that for now we cannot load your order because of unanticipated shipment delay from our overseas suppliers.

But we will soon deliver your order upon the arrival of the goods. Yet we cannot give you the exact shipping date for now.

Thank you for your understanding for this matter.

Very truly,

Текст 4

There is seldom an hour I spend alone with Kirill when I don’t come to feel worn and inadequate.

Gerald Marzorati practicing with his coach, Kirill Azovtsev, at the New York Athletic Club in Pelham, N.Y.

It happened again the other afternoon. The thermometer on the side of the tennis house had reached 91 degrees, and there were just a few members playing on the club’s main upper courts. Down on the practice courts, where we were, there may have been a light breeze coming off the nearby westernmost reaches of Long Island Sound, but I couldn’t feel it, and the gray-green Har-Tru clay my sneakers grabbed for was powdery and uncooperative. Kirill was across the net from me, at the T between the service boxes, a wire cart at his side filled with hundreds of tennis balls. I was at the T on my side, already a little winded, trying not to fail.

The drill went like this: He began feeding balls to me, rapidly, 20 or so a minute, to my left, to my right. They arrived close to my body at first, then farther away, then farther and harder. At the moment his racket was about to make contact with the ball, I did my split step, a reaction maneuver that entails hopping in place, spreading my legs shoulderwide and landing on my toes, ready. I stepped toward the net, taking the coming ball out of the air with a volley. Then I backpedaled once more to the T, volleying forehand, then backhand, forehand, backhand, on and on for three, four minutes — an eternity.

Moving, always moving, and all the time thinking and checking off: Maintain the continental grip, the base knuckle of the index finger of my left hand resting on the bevel one notch counterclockwise from the racket handle’s high noon. (Check.) Keep the racket in front and the racket head up. (Check.) Knees slightly bent. (Check.) Turn sideways quickly, and punch with your shoulder, don’t swing; and tighten your grip at the moment the ball is about to hit the strings.

Текст 5

Chest (Shallow) Breathing: Causes, Effects, Solutions

The term "shallow breathing" can refer to 2 different processes: - breathing mechanics (problems with thoracic or chest breathing); - breathing volume (too small tidal volume or amount of air per inhalation). Bear in mind that ideal or healthy automatic breathing at rest is very small in amount, but mainly abdominal.

Shallow Breathing (Chest Breathing) Causes

Shallow breathing is generally caused by one factor only: hyperventilation (or breathing more air than the medical norm). In normal conditions, hyperventilation cannot improve blood oxygenation in any significant degree: normal breathing provides arterial blood with 98-99% oxygen saturation. Hence, overbreathing reduces CO2 levels in the arterial blood. This causes decreased oxygen delivery to cells leading. Cell hypoxia and hypocapnia can cause a spasm in all muscles of the human body: airways, colon, arteries, arterioles, and the diaphragm.

Shallow breathing can be triggered by anxiety, stress, night sleep (or being in a horizontal position), fatigue, mouth breathing, and all other factors that cause hyperventilation.

Chest Breathing Effects

Medical evidence related to the main immediate physiological effects of shallow breathing (reduced body-oxygen levels and lymphatic stagnation) is analyzed in more detail here: Diaphragm Function & Diaphragmatic Breathing Benefits.

Shallow Breathing Symptoms

The symptoms of chest breathing are very individual and can range from dyspnea (or shortness of breath, which is common during terminal cancer, HIV-AIDS, cystic fibrosis, COPD, emphysema, and many other conditions) and angina pain (a sign of low heart oxygenation) to blocked nose, sleep apnea, anxiety, fatigue and constipation. All these symptoms are analyzed on the web page Symptoms of Hyperventilation.

Текст 6

The MacPorts Project

The MacPorts Project is an open-source community initiative to design an easy-to-use system for compiling, installing, and upgrading either command-line, X11 or Aqua based open-source software on the Mac OS X operating system. To that end we provide the command-line driven MacPorts software package under a BSD License, and through it easy access to thousands of ports that greatly simplify the task of compiling and installing open-source software on your Mac.

We provide a single software tree that attempts to track the latest release of every software title (port) we distribute, without splitting them into “stable” Vs. “unstable” branches, targeting mainly the current Mac OSX release (10.8, A.K.A. Mountain Lion) and the immediately previous two (10.7, A.K.A. Lion and 10.6, A.K.A. Snow Leopard).

There are currently 15599 ports in our tree, distributed among 98 different categories, and more are being added on a regular basis.

Getting started

For information on installing MacPorts please see the installation section of this site and explore the myriad of download options we provide and our base system requirements.

If you run into any problems installing and/or using MacPorts we also have many options to help you, depending on how you wish to get get in touch with us. Other important help resources are our online documentation, A.K.A The MacPorts Guide, and our Trac Wiki server & bug tracker.

Текст 7

Ingredients

• 2 cups all-purpose flour

• 1 teaspoon baking soda

• 1/4 teaspoon salt

• 1/2 cup butter

• 3/4 cup brown sugar

• 2 eggs, beaten

• 2 1/3 cups mashed overripe bananas

Directions

1. Preheat oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Lightly grease a 9x5 inch loaf pan.

2. In a large bowl, combine flour, baking soda and salt. In a separate bowl, cream together butter and brown sugar. Stir in eggs and mashed bananas until well blended. Stir banana mixture into flour mixture; stir just to moisten. Pour batter into prepared loaf pan.

3. Bake in preheated oven for 60 to 65 minutes, until a toothpick inserted into center of the loaf comes out clean. Let bread cool in pan for 10 minutes, then turn out onto a wire rack.

Текст 8

Day had broken cold and grey, exceedingly cold and grey, when the man turned aside from the main Yukon trail and climbed the high earth- bank, where a dim and little-travelled trail led eastward through the fat spruce timberland. It was a steep bank, and he paused for breath at the top, excusing the act to himself by looking at his watch. It was nine o'clock. There was no sun nor hint of sun, though there was not a cloud in the sky. It was a clear day, and yet there seemed an intangible pall over the face of things, a subtle gloom that made the day dark, and that was due to the absence of sun. This fact did not worry the man. He was used to the lack of sun. It had been days since he had seen the sun, and he knew that a few more days must pass before that cheerful orb, due south, would just peep above the sky- line and dip immediately from view.

The man flung a look back along the way he had come. The Yukon lay a mile wide and hidden under three feet of ice. On top of this ice were as many feet of snow. It was all pure white, rolling in gentle undulations where the ice-jams of the freeze-up had formed. North and south, as far as his eye could see, it was unbroken white, save for a dark hair-line that curved and twisted from around the spruce- covered island to the south, and that curved and twisted away into the north, where it disappeared behind another spruce-covered island. This dark hair-line was the trail--the main trail--that led south five hundred miles to the Chilcoot Pass, Dyea, and salt water; and that led north seventy miles to Dawson, and still on to the north a thousand miles to Nulato, and finally to St. Michael on Bering Sea, a thousand miles and half a thousand more.

But all this--the mysterious, far-reaching hairline trail, the absence of sun from the sky, the tremendous cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it all--made no impression on the man. It was not because he was long used to it. He was a new-comer in the land, a chechaquo, and this was his first winter. The trouble with him was that he was without imagination. He was quick and alert in the things of life, but only in the things, and not in the significances. Fifty degrees below zero meant eighty odd degrees of frost. Such fact impressed him as being cold and uncomfortable, and that was all. It did not lead him to meditate upon his frailty as a creature of temperature, and upon man's frailty in general, able only to live within certain narrow limits of heat and cold; and from there on it did not lead him to the conjectural field of immortality and man's place in the universe. Fifty degrees below zero stood for a bite of frost that hurt and that must be guarded against by the use of mittens, ear-flaps, warm moccasins, and thick socks. Fifty degrees below zero was to him just precisely fifty degrees below zero. That there should be anything more to it than that was a thought that never entered his head.

Текст 9

The first successful English colony was established in 1607, on the James River at Jamestown. It languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco. Between the late 1610s and the Revolution, the British shipped an estimated 50,000 convicts to their American colonies. A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia, in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers. The largest conflict between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century was King Philip's War in New England,. The Yamasee War in South Carolina was as bloody.

The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622. Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies.

New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, although there was a small earlier settlement in 1620 by a similar group, the Pilgrims, at Plymouth Colony. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity. The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina, with Georgia Colony the last of the Thirteen Colonies established in 1733.

The colonies were characterized by religious diversity, with many Congregationalists in New England, German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies, Catholics in Maryland, and Scotch Irish Presbyterians on the frontier. Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans.

Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening, a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards. American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God. Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and forwarded the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic, setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s.

Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure. Typically a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws. By the 18th century, the American colonies were growing very rapidly because of ample supplies of land and food, and low death rates. They were richer than most parts of Britain, and attracted a steady flow of immigrants, especially teenagers who came as indentured servants. The tobacco and rice plantations imported black slaves from the British colonies in the West Indies, and by the 1770s they comprised a fifth of the American population. The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against French and Spanish power; those threats were gone by 1765. London regarded the American colonies as existing merely for the benefit of the mother country, a policy known as mercantilism.

Текст 10

BOUNDING THE LAND

То take advantage of their land's diversity, Indian villages had to be mobile. This was not difficult as long as a family owned nothing that could not be either stored or transported on a man's or - more often -- a woman's back. Clothing, baskets, fishing equipment, a few tools, mats for wigwams, some corn, beans, and smoked meat: these constituted most of the possessions that individual Indian families maintained during their seasonal migrations. Even in the south, where agriculture created larger accumulations of food than existed among the hunter-gatherer peoples of the north, much of the harvest was stored in underground pits to await later visits and was not transported in large quantities. The need for diversity and mobility led Indians to avoid acquiring much surplus property, confident as they were that their mobility and skill would supply any need that arose. The first English visitors to America thought it a paradox that Indians seemed to live like paupers in a landscape of great natural wealth. It was only much later that some understood: 'Indians only seemed impoverished, since they were in fact supplied with all manner of needful things, for the maintenance of life and livelihood.' First English visitors had European notions of wealth. Perhaps they just did not know true riches when they saw them. But then the whole history of Northern America would have developed in some other direction.