- •Часть 2
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Mark the statements as true or false according to the text.
- •3) Decide what type of product each passage illustrates.
- •4) Fill in the suitable words from the list (buy, consumer, difference, goods, people, industrial, services, threefold).
- •5) Make word combinations.
- •6) Match words with their definitions.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Mark the statements as true or false.
- •Fill in the suitable words from the list (control, distribution, availability, logistician, cycle, strategy, stocking, deployment).
- •1.Weight-Bulk Ratio
- •2. Value-Weight Ratio
- •3. .Substitutability
- •4. Risk Characteristics
- •Answer the questions.
- •Decide if the following statements are true or false.
- •Make word combinations from the following words.
- •Fill in the suitable words from the list (explode, price, costs, features, stolen, restrictions, system, risk).
- •1. F.O.B. Pricing
- •2. Zone pricing.
- •3. Single, or Uniform, Pricing
- •4. Freight Equalization Pricing
- •5. Basing Point Pricing
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Make up word combinations from the following words.
- •3) Fill in the following words into the text ( destination, primary, point, cycle, loading, logistician, stocking, time, order ).
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •Information Substitution.
- •3) Match the following words to their definitions.
- •1. Order preparation.
- •Order transmittal.
- •3. Order entry.
- •Order filling.
- •Order status reporting.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Fill in the following words into the text (complete, entry, timely, chain, materials, information, accurate, on, efforts, activities).
- •4)Match the following expressions with their meanings.
- •1. Industrial Order Processing.
- •2. Retail Order Processing
- •3.Customer Order Processing.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Fill in the prepositions (of, throughout, by, into, through, for, to, on, out, from, in). Some prepositions may be used more than once.
- •1) Answer the questions
- •3) Fill in the gaps with the following words (costs, on hand, order, batching, volume, than, small, receives, partially, product, shipment).
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words:
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words
- •Intermodal Services
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words
- •Answer the questions
- •Make the word combinations from the following words
- •Variable and Fixed Costs
- •1)Answer the questions
- •International Transport Documentation
- •1)Answer the questions
- •2)Make the word combinations from the following words
- •Basic Cost Trade-Offs
- •Competitive Considerations
- •1)Answer the questions.
- •Separate and Single Origin and Destination Points
- •Multiple Origin and Destination Points
- •Coincident Origin and Destination Points
- •1)Answer the questions.
- •3) Match the following terms with their definitions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •3) Fill in the text with prepositions from the brackets (at, of, around, in, between, by, before, on, toward, after, from, with, to). Some of them may be used more than once.
- •International Shipping Terms
2. Value-Weight Ratio
The dollar value of the product being moved and stored is important to storage costs since those costs are particularly sensitive to it. When product value is expressed as a ratio to weight, some obvious cost trade-offs emerge that are useful in planning the logistics system.
Products that have low value-weight ratios (e.g., coal, iron ore, bauxite, and sand) also have low storage costs but high movement costs as a percentage of their sales price. Inventory carrying costs are computed as a fraction of the product's value. Low product value means low storage cost, since inventory-carrying cost is the dominant factor in storage cost. Transport cost, on the other hand, are pegged to weight. When the value of the product is low, transport costs represent a high proportion of the sales price.
High value-weight ratio products (e.g., electronic equipment, jewelry, and musical instruments) show the opposite pattern, with higher storage and lower transport costs. This results in a U-shaped total logistics cost curve. Hence, firms dealing with low value-weight ratio products frequently try to negotiate more favorable transportation rates (rates are generally lower for raw materials than for finished products of the same weight). If the product has a high value-weight ratio, minimizing the amount of inventory maintained is a typical reaction. Of course, some firms attempt to adjust an unfavorable value-weight ratio by changing accounting procedures to alter value or by changing packaging requirements to alter weight.
3. .Substitutability
When customers find little or no difference between a firm's product and those of competing suppliers, the products are said to be highly substitutable. That is, the customer is readily willing to take a second-choice brand when the first is not immediately available. Many food and drug products have a highly substitutable characteristic. As might be expected, suppliers spend great sums of money attempting to convince customers that such generic products as aspirin tablets and laundry soaps are not all alike. Distribution managers try to provide product availability at a level so that customers will not have to consider a substitute product.
In large part, the logistician has no control over a product's substitutability, yet he or she must plan for the distribution of products with varying degrees of substitutability. Substitutability can be viewed in terms of lost sales to the supplier. Higher substitutability usually means a greater chance for a customer to select a competing product, thus resulting in a lost sale for the supplier. The logistician generally deals with lost sales through transportation choices, storage choices, or both.
For a given average inventory level, a supplier can increase the speed and dependability of product deliveries and lower the incidence of loss and damage. The product becomes more readily available to the customer, and fewer product substitutions by the customer are likely to occur. Of course, the higher cost of premium transportation is in trade-off with the cost of lost sales
In either case, the logistician is in a prime position to control the impact of product substitutability on the firm's profits.