- •Часть 2
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Mark the statements as true or false according to the text.
- •3) Decide what type of product each passage illustrates.
- •4) Fill in the suitable words from the list (buy, consumer, difference, goods, people, industrial, services, threefold).
- •5) Make word combinations.
- •6) Match words with their definitions.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Mark the statements as true or false.
- •Fill in the suitable words from the list (control, distribution, availability, logistician, cycle, strategy, stocking, deployment).
- •1.Weight-Bulk Ratio
- •2. Value-Weight Ratio
- •3. .Substitutability
- •4. Risk Characteristics
- •Answer the questions.
- •Decide if the following statements are true or false.
- •Make word combinations from the following words.
- •Fill in the suitable words from the list (explode, price, costs, features, stolen, restrictions, system, risk).
- •1. F.O.B. Pricing
- •2. Zone pricing.
- •3. Single, or Uniform, Pricing
- •4. Freight Equalization Pricing
- •5. Basing Point Pricing
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Make up word combinations from the following words.
- •3) Fill in the following words into the text ( destination, primary, point, cycle, loading, logistician, stocking, time, order ).
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •Information Substitution.
- •3) Match the following words to their definitions.
- •1. Order preparation.
- •Order transmittal.
- •3. Order entry.
- •Order filling.
- •Order status reporting.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Fill in the following words into the text (complete, entry, timely, chain, materials, information, accurate, on, efforts, activities).
- •4)Match the following expressions with their meanings.
- •1. Industrial Order Processing.
- •2. Retail Order Processing
- •3.Customer Order Processing.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Fill in the prepositions (of, throughout, by, into, through, for, to, on, out, from, in). Some prepositions may be used more than once.
- •1) Answer the questions
- •3) Fill in the gaps with the following words (costs, on hand, order, batching, volume, than, small, receives, partially, product, shipment).
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words:
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words
- •Intermodal Services
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words
- •Answer the questions
- •Make the word combinations from the following words
- •Variable and Fixed Costs
- •1)Answer the questions
- •International Transport Documentation
- •1)Answer the questions
- •2)Make the word combinations from the following words
- •Basic Cost Trade-Offs
- •Competitive Considerations
- •1)Answer the questions.
- •Separate and Single Origin and Destination Points
- •Multiple Origin and Destination Points
- •Coincident Origin and Destination Points
- •1)Answer the questions.
- •3) Match the following terms with their definitions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •3) Fill in the text with prepositions from the brackets (at, of, around, in, between, by, before, on, toward, after, from, with, to). Some of them may be used more than once.
- •International Shipping Terms
Mark the statements as true or false.
1. A product’s life cycle consists of 5 sages.
2. Sales volume declines as a result of technological stage.
3. A firm’s different products are typically in the same stages of their life cycles.
4. A logistician cannot anticipate distribution needs.
5. The growth stage is usually very long.
Fill in the suitable words from the list (control, distribution, availability, logistician, cycle, strategy, stocking, deployment).
Many ________________ points are used with good ________________ over product _________________ throughout the marketplace. To maintain efficient ________________, patterns of product movement and inventory _________________ may have to be adjusted. The product life ________________ phenomenon has an influence on distribution __________________. It allows the ______________ to anticipate distribution needs.
4) Make word combinations.
1. life |
a) locations |
2. distribution |
b) change |
3. market |
c) availability |
4. product |
d) acceptance |
5. managerial |
e) area |
6. centralized |
f) points |
7. stocking |
g) judgment |
8. technological |
h) cycle |
9. sales |
i) strategy |
10. geographic |
j) volume |
Part 3. Product Characteristics.
The most important characteristics of the product that influence logistics strategy are the attributes of the product itself – weight, volume, value, perishability, flammability, and substitutability. When observed in various combinations, these characteristics are an indication of the need for warehousing, inventories, transportation, materials handling, and order processing. These attributes can best be discussed in four categories: weight-bulk ratio, value-weight ratio, substitutability, and risk characteristics.
1.Weight-Bulk Ratio
The ratio of product weight to bulk (volume) is a particularly meaningful measure, as transportation and storage costs are directly related to them. Products that are dense, that is, have a high weight-bulk ratio (e.g., rolled steel, printed materials, and canned foods), show good utilization of transportation equipment and storage facilities, with the costs of both tending to be low. However, for products with low density (e.g., inflated beach balls, boats, potato chips, and lamp shades), the bulk capacity of transportation equipment is fully utilized before the weight-carrying limit is reached. Also, the handling and space costs, which are weight-based, tend to be high relative to the product's sales price.
As the product density increases, both storage and transportation costs decline as a percentage of the sales price. Although price may also be reduced by lower storage and transportation costs, they are just two cost factors among many that make up price. Therefore, total logistics costs can decline faster than price.