- •Часть 2
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Mark the statements as true or false according to the text.
- •3) Decide what type of product each passage illustrates.
- •4) Fill in the suitable words from the list (buy, consumer, difference, goods, people, industrial, services, threefold).
- •5) Make word combinations.
- •6) Match words with their definitions.
- •Answer the questions.
- •Mark the statements as true or false.
- •Fill in the suitable words from the list (control, distribution, availability, logistician, cycle, strategy, stocking, deployment).
- •1.Weight-Bulk Ratio
- •2. Value-Weight Ratio
- •3. .Substitutability
- •4. Risk Characteristics
- •Answer the questions.
- •Decide if the following statements are true or false.
- •Make word combinations from the following words.
- •Fill in the suitable words from the list (explode, price, costs, features, stolen, restrictions, system, risk).
- •1. F.O.B. Pricing
- •2. Zone pricing.
- •3. Single, or Uniform, Pricing
- •4. Freight Equalization Pricing
- •5. Basing Point Pricing
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Make up word combinations from the following words.
- •3) Fill in the following words into the text ( destination, primary, point, cycle, loading, logistician, stocking, time, order ).
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •Information Substitution.
- •3) Match the following words to their definitions.
- •1. Order preparation.
- •Order transmittal.
- •3. Order entry.
- •Order filling.
- •Order status reporting.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Fill in the following words into the text (complete, entry, timely, chain, materials, information, accurate, on, efforts, activities).
- •4)Match the following expressions with their meanings.
- •1. Industrial Order Processing.
- •2. Retail Order Processing
- •3.Customer Order Processing.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •2) Fill in the prepositions (of, throughout, by, into, through, for, to, on, out, from, in). Some prepositions may be used more than once.
- •1) Answer the questions
- •3) Fill in the gaps with the following words (costs, on hand, order, batching, volume, than, small, receives, partially, product, shipment).
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words:
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words
- •Intermodal Services
- •Answer the questions
- •Make word combinations from the following words
- •Answer the questions
- •Make the word combinations from the following words
- •Variable and Fixed Costs
- •1)Answer the questions
- •International Transport Documentation
- •1)Answer the questions
- •2)Make the word combinations from the following words
- •Basic Cost Trade-Offs
- •Competitive Considerations
- •1)Answer the questions.
- •Separate and Single Origin and Destination Points
- •Multiple Origin and Destination Points
- •Coincident Origin and Destination Points
- •1)Answer the questions.
- •3) Match the following terms with their definitions.
- •1) Answer the questions.
- •3) Fill in the text with prepositions from the brackets (at, of, around, in, between, by, before, on, toward, after, from, with, to). Some of them may be used more than once.
- •International Shipping Terms
Answer the questions
What does “transportation middleman” mean?
On what forms rail service exists?
What does the abbreviation CL stand for?
What are the differences between truck and rail services?
How is direct air service offered?
Can you compare loss and damage costs resulting from transporting by water and pipeline transportation?
Make word combinations from the following words
1. raw a) carries
2. single-commodity b)service
3. dTd c)packaging
4. all-cargo d) trains
5. domestic water e) cargoes
6. protective f) products
7. liquid g) shipments
8. petroleum h) materials
9. crude i) operation
10. j)oil
Part 3 Intermodal Services
Intermodal Services
In recent years, there has been an increase in shipping products using more than one transportation mode in the process. Beyond obvious economic benefits, increased international shipping has been a driving force. The major feature of intermodalism is the free exchange of equipment between modes. For example, the container portion of a truck trailer is carried aboard an airplane, or a railcar is hauled by a water carrier. Such equipment interchange creates transportation services that are not available to a shipper using a single-transportation mode. Coordinated services are usually a compromise between the services individually offered by the cooperating carriers. That is, cost and performance characteristics rank between those of the carriers separately.
There are ten possible intermodal service combinations: (1) rail-truck; (2) rail-water; (3) rail-air; (4) rail-pipeline; (5) truck-air; (6) truck-water; (7) truck-pipeline; .(8) water-pipeline; (9) water-air; and (10) air-pipeline. Not all of these combinations are practical. Some that are feasible have gained little acceptance. Only rail-truck, called piggyback, has seen widespread use. Truck-water combinations, referred to as fishy back, are gaining acceptance, especially in the international movement of high-valued goods. To a much lesser extent, truck-air and rail-water combinations are feasible, but they have seen limited use.
Trailer on Flatcar
Trailer on flatcar (TOFC), or piggyback, refers to transporting truck trailers on railroad flatcars, usually over longer distances than trucks normally haul. TOFC is a blend of the convenience and flexibility of trucking and the long-haul economy of rail. The rate is usually less than for trucking alone and has permitted trucking to extend its economical range. Likewise, rail has been able to share in some traffic that normally would move by truck alone. The shipper benefits from the convenience of door-to-door service over long distances at reasonable rates. These features have made piggyback the most popular coordinated service.
Containerized Freight
Under a TOFC arrangement, the entire trailer is transported on a railroad flatcar. However, it is also possible to visualize the trailer in two ways, that is, (1) as a container or box in which the freight is packaged; and (2) as the trailer's chassis. In a truck-rail intermodal service, it is possible to haul only the container, thus saving the dead weight of the understructure and wheels. Such a service is called container-on-flatcar (COFC).
The standardized container is a piece of equipment that is transferable to all surface transportation modes with the exception of pipeline. Because containerized freight avoids costly rehandling of small shipment units at the point of intermodal transfer and offers a door-to-door service capability when combined with truck, water carriers use container ships so that combinations of water-truck service can be provided. This type of service is expanding, especially due to the increase in international trade. The container can also be used in combination services with air. The most promising to date is the air-truck combination. The container is important to air transportation because the high movement costs prohibit transporting the chassis of a highway trailer. The use of large containers in air transportation has been limited by the dimensions of the existing aircraft and the small shipment sizes that air transportation predominantly handles, but as air freight rates are reduced, possibly due to larger aircraft being put into service, coordinated air-truck service should expand.
The services of coordinated transportation services will hinge on the container size that is adopted as standard. A container that is too large for trucking or that is incompatible with trucking equipment will exclude trucking from participating. The same argument holds for the other modes. The typical container sizes are 8 by 8 by 20 feet and 8 by 8 by 40 feet. Both are compatible with the standard 40-foot highway trailer and with most other modes.
Exercises