Unit.10.

Комп’ютер в нашому житті. Present Perfect.

Ex. 1. Дайте відповідь на запитання:

1. What is computer?

2. What is the main purpose of all computers?

3. Where are computers used?

Ex. 2. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте наступні слова та вирази:

• electronic device – електронний пристрій

• to receive – одержувати, приймати

• set of instructions – набір/звід інструкцій

• to carry out - виконувати

• society - суспільство

• storage - збереження

• handling -обробка

• transaction - операція

• to enhance – підвищувати, збільшувати

• essential - істотний

• tool – інструмент, знаряддя

• network - мережа

• source -джерело

• analog - аналоговий

• digital - цифровий

• ability – здатність, можливість

• to determine - визначати

• voltage - напруга

• discrete operation –дискретне дія

• to perform – виконувати, здійснювати > defense – оборона, захист

• to attain - досягати

• amount of data – обсяг даних

• except – за винятком, крім

> processing unit – обчислювальний пристрій

Ex. 3. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:

COMPUTERS

Computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions called program and then carry out them. The modern world of high technology could not be possible without computers. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout our society. They are used for the storage and handling of data, secret governmental files, information about banking transactions and so on. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and they have enhanced modern communication systems. They are essential tools in almost every field of research, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrow's weather reports. Using of different databases and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.

There are two main types of computers, analog and digital, although the term computer is often used to mean only the digital type, because this type of computer is widely used today.

That is why I am going to tell you about digital computers. Everything that a digital computer does is based on one operation: the ability to determine: on or off, high voltage or low voltage or - - in the case of numbers - - 0 or 1 or do-called binary code. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is called computer speed. Computer speeds are measured in Hertz or cycles per second. A computer with a «clock speed» of 2000 MHz is a fairly representative microcomputer today. It is capable of executing 2000 million discrete operations per second. Nowadays microcomputers can perform from 800 to over 3000 million operations per second and supercomputers used in research and defense applications attain speeds of many billions of cycles per second.

Digital computer speed and calculating power are further enhanced by the amount of data handled during each cycle.

Except two main types of computers, analog and digital there are eight generations of digital computers or processing units. The first generation was represented by processing unit Intel 8086. The second generation central processing unit was represented by processing unit Intel 80286, used in IBM PC AT 286. The third generation is Intel 80386, used in IBM PC AT 386. The microprocessors of the fourth generation were used in computers IBM PC AT 486. There are also central processing units of the fifth generation, used in Intel Pentium 60 and Intel Pentium 66, central processing units of the sixth generation, used in computers Intel Pentium 75, 90, 100 and 133. Few years ago appeared central processing units of seventh and eighth generations. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million operations per second.

Ex. 4. Доповніть речення::

1. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing and … .

2. Using of different databases and computer networks make available a great variety of … .

3. The speed at which the computer performs this simple act is … .

4. The first generation was represented by … .

5. They are much more powerful and can perform from 2000 to over 3000 million … .

Ex. 5. Прочитайте та перекладіть діалог:

- Why do most people want to have a PC at home?

- For the last 5 year personal computers (PC) are becoming more and more popular in our country. There are computers in offices, schools, institutions and universities. More and more people want to have a PC at home. No wonder PC gives us new opportunities, open a new wonderful world of interactivity that will change the way we learn, play and communicate with others.

- What does the computer industry include?

- The computer industry is one of the largest in modern world. It includes companies

that manufacture, sell and lease computers, as well as companies that supply

products and services for people working with computers.

- How is computer used in business?

- A computer is now more involved in business operations as an essential tool in making decisions at the highest administrative level.

Ex. 6. Пригадайте правила вживання Present Perfect:

Пeрфектні часи (Perfect Tenses) 1 Перфектні часи виражають дію, що закінчилась (відбулась) до певного моменту чи періоду В теперішньому часі (Present Perfect) В минулому часі (Past Perfect) В майбутньому (Future Perfect) В майбутньому по відношенню до минулого ( Future Perfect – in –the- past) 2 Перфектні часи відображають на явність результату дії. 3 формула утворення групи: Have + III(форма) Вживання Present Perfect Запам’ятайте: Present Perfect часто використовується замість Past Indefinite і навпаки. Обставина часу (yesterday, last week, already, just) допоможуть використати потрібний час 1. Вживається для вираження дії, що закінчилась і видно результатна момент мовлення e. g. I have bought a book. - Я (вже) купив книгу Це основне значення часу Для Present Perfect важливий результат, а не процес дії e. g. What have you done? - Що ти зробив? 2. Present Perfect вживається з такими обставинами часу а). що означають період часу, що почався в минулому і триває до моменту мовлення:

Up to now до цього часу Up to the present до цього часу Lately нещодавно, за останній час Recently останнім часом So far до цього часу Since від тоді Not yet ще не

e. g. I have know him since 1980 Я його знав з 1980 року I have read this book up to now Я прочитав цю книгу до цього часу. I have not seen him recently Я його не бачив останнім часом.

б). що означає період часу, який ще не закінчився

Today сьогодні This week цього тижня This month цього місяця This year цього року Та інші

e. g. He has not done it today Він не зробив це сьогодні Have you seen her this week? Ти бачив її на цьому тижні?

в). з прислівниками неозначеного часу і

Ever коли – небудь Never ніколи Often часто Seldom рідко Already вже Just щойно

e. g. I have just finished this job Я щойно закінчив цю роботу Have you ever been in London? Ти коли – небудь був у Лондоні? I have never been in London. Я ніколи не був у Лондоні

3. Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, що триває з якогось моменту в минулому аж до моменту мовлення.(В цьому значенні Present Perfect вживаються переважно з дієсловами, що не мають форми Continuous)

e. g. I have known her for 2 years. Я знав(знаю) її два роки. I have not worked there since last year. Я не працював там з минулого року.

Період тривалості позначається прикметником for ( for an hour for one month, for 20 year та інші) Початок дії позначається словом since ( since Monday, since last year, since two o’ clock та інші) Present Perfect не вживається: а). З обставинами часу які вживаються в Past Indefinite

Yesterday вчора The day before yesterday позавчора Last week (month, year) минулого тижня Two day ago два дні назад On Monday в понеділок In August в серпні

б). В питальному реченні із словами When. Для цього вживається Past Indefinite. When did you see him? Коли ти його бачив?

Ex. 7. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Present Perfect:

1. Alan (not to have) his breakfast.

2. Cathy (not to get) up yet.

3. He (to pay) for pizza.

4. Martin (not to wash) up yet.

5. Dan (to do) his homework by 6 o’clock.

6. We (not to tell) him the truth.

7. You (to mention) my name?

8. We (to begin) the work.

9. Your mother already (to come)?

10. Where Martin (to go)?

11. I (to watch) this film.

12. Why John (to take) this book?

13. The boy (not to return) from school yet.

14. Jane (to be) at the theatre this week?

15. Carol and Sam (to play) two games of chess today.

Ex. 8. Змініть час дієслів на Present Perfect. Перекладіть речення українською мовою:

1. She is watering the flowers.

2. He is taking his examination.

3. Beth is opening the window.

4. I am dusting the furniture.

5. John is washing his car.

6. The teacher is explaining the rule.

7. Mary is reading a letter.

8. We are having dinner.

9. I am cleaning my teeth.

10. Jane is translating the article.

11. Little Frank is breaking his toy.

12. He is having breakfast.

13. Nick is drawing a picture.

14. My daughter is having lunch.

15. He is putting on his coat.

Ex. 9.Визначте, в яких випадках скорочення 's вжито на заміну Present Perfect, а в яких – на заміну Present Simple. Перекладіть речення українською мовою:

1. She's tired.

2. He's stopped reading.

3. He's worried.

4. She's died.

5. He's ill.

6. She's come.

7. He's angry.

8. He's had dinner.

9. It's escaped.

10. She's surprised.

11. She's stopped working.

12. He's scared.

13. He's gone.

14. He's embarrassed.

15. She's frightened.

Домашнє завдання:

Ex. 1. Вивчіть новий лексичний матеріал.

Ex. 10. Висловіть свою думку:

1 . Computer use in all spheres of our modern society.

2. How I use my computer.

Ex. 11. Розкрийте дужки, вживаючи дієслова у Present Perfect або Present Continuous:

1. She (to have dinner) now.

2. She just (to have) dinner.

3. They (to talk) now?

4. They already (to talk) about it?

5. He (to have) his English lesson today.

6. He (to have) his English lesson at the moment.

7. What she (to do) now?

Ex.12. Поставте подані речення у заперечній і питальній формах:

1. The plane has landed.

2. She has dialed the wrong number.

3. The director has signed the order.

4. My parents have sent me a telegram this week.

5. They have left a message.

Питання дня самоконтролю: