Употребление наиболее распространенных английских групповых предлогов

according to — согласно чему-либо: According to the information received by us he will arrive tomorrow.

apart from — помимо, кроме, не считая: Apart from this work he has agreed to take up one more assignment.

as to (as for) — что касается: As to (as for) the journey, we shall talk about it later.

because of — из-за: She didn't go anywhere because of the rain.

by means of — посредством: Ships are discharged by means of special equipment.

but for — если бы не: But for him I would have missed the train.

in accordance with — в соответствии с: He didn't act in accordance with our instructions.

in addition to — в дополнение к: I am sending this information in addition to my previous letter.

in case of — в случае: In case of fire ring up 01.

as compared with (in comparison with) — пo сравнению с: The production has increased as compared with 1990.

in conformity with — в соответствии с: You have not executed the order in conformity with our instructions.

in consequence of — вследствие, в результате: In consequence of this accident the car was damaged.

in favour of — в пользу кого-либо, чего-либо: The cheque was drawn in favour of the sellers.

in front of — перед, напротив: The post-office is just in front of our house.

in spite of — несмотря: We finished the work in time in spite of all difficulties.

instead of — вместо: Give me the red pencil instead of the green one.

in the event of — в случае если: In the event of the lecture being postponed a due note will be given.

in view of — ввиду: In view of the fact that he was ill I had to do it myself.

owing to — из-за, благодаря: We could not come there owing to a severe storm.

on behalf of, in the name of — от имени: He signed the contract on behalf of the sellers.

subject to — при условии: We make this offer subject to receiving your confirmation.

thanks to — благодаря: Thanks to his help they finished their work early.

with a view to — с целью: They arrived in Moscow with a view to concluding the agreement.

with (in) regard to, with (in) respect to — относительно, по отношению к:

I have something to tell you in respect to this matter.

Союз (the Conjunction)

Союзами называются служебные слова, которые употребляются для соединения членов предложения и предложений. Союзы делятся на сочинительные и подчинительные.

Сочинительные союзы

Сочинительные союзы связывают между собой однородные члены предложения, а также независимые друг от друга предложения:

I have received a letter and a telegram.

The sun has set, but it is still light.

Go at once or you will miss your train.

and — и, a: I bought a ticket and went to the airport.

as well as — так же, как (и): We received your telegram as well as your letter.

both... and — и... и, как... так и: Both the students and the teachers were anxious to know the answer.

not only... but also — не только... но и: We were against not only the terms of the payment but also the terms of delivery.

but — но: We were against the terms of the payment but we agreed with the terms of delivery.

or — или, иначе: Hurry up or you'll miss the train.

Either... or — или... или: The manager is either at his office or at the meeting.

Употребление подчинительных союзов

Подчинительные союзы служат для присоединения придаточного предложения к главному:

I can't do it now because I am very busy.

I said that he would come in the evening.

If you wish, I would help you.

Союзы, вводящие придаточные предложения подлежащные, сказуемные и дополнительные: that что, if, whether ли:

Whether he will arrive tomorrow is not certain.

The difficulty is that it is impossible to say when he will come.

Союзы, вводящие обстоятельственные придаточные предложения:

времени:

after — после того как: After the dinner we had a nice walk.

as — в то время как, по мере того как: As I was coming there I met your brother.

as long as — пока, до тех пор пока: As long as you behave like that we will not be allowed to go there.

as soon as — как только: Не will do it as soon as he comes home.

before — прежде чем: You must come here before your teacher arrives.

since — с тех пор как: What have you been doing since I last saw you?

until — до тех пор пока... (не): I'll stay here until I have finished my work.

while —• в то время как, пока: While you were talking on the phone I made coffee.

причины:

as — так как: As I have not read the book I can't tell you anything about it.

because — потому что, так как: / cannot do it now because I am very busy.

for — ибо, так как: Не walked quickly for he was in a great hurry.

seeing (that) — поскольку, принимая во внимание: Seeing (that) he is ill we'll have to postpone the meeting.

условия:

if — если: Не will get the letter tomorrow if you send it now.

on condition (that) — при условии если: I'll lend you the book on condition (that) you return it on Monday.

provided (that), providing (that) — при условии если: Provided (that) I am not disturbed I shall finish this work tonight.

supposing (that) — если, допустим (что): Supposing (that) he doesn't come who will do the work?

unless — если... не: I shall go there tomorrow unless I am not busy.

цели:

lest — чтобы... не: I shall hide that medicine lest it is found by children.

so that, in order that, that — для того чтобы: I gave him the book so that he won't be able to study it at home.

образа действия:

as — как: I'll do it as you told me.

as if (as though) — как будто, как если бы: You answer as if you don't know this rule.

so... that — так (такой) что: I was so tired that I immediately went to bed.

such... that — такой... что: It was such a difficult day that I was very tired.

сравнения:

as... as — так (такой) же... как (и): I get up as early as you do.

(not) so... as — (не) так (такой)... как: The book is not so interesting as I thought.

than — чем: Не returned sooner than we had expected.

следствия:

so that — так что: I will be reading up on history so that on Monday I'll pass my exam.

уступительные:

in spite of the fact that — несмотря на то что: Не went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold.

though/although — хотя: Не speaks English perfectly though/although he has never been to England.

Кроме союзов, для связи придаточных предложений с главным употребляются союзные слова: относительные местоимения who кто, который, whose чей, которого, what что, which, that который и наречия when когда, where где, how как, why почему. Союзные слова отличаются от союзов тем, что они не только связывают придаточные предложения с главными, но и входят в состав придаточного в качестве одного из его членов:

I don't know when he will return — Я не знаю, когда он вернется.

I know the man who wrote this article. — Я знаю человека, который написал эту статью.

Не told me what he had seen there. — Он рассказал мне, что он видел там.