Занятие 6(продолжительность-2ч.)

Тема: Химия как наука. Органическая и неорганическая химия. Химические процессы в организме человека.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, формирование компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

Задачи:

- Повторить временную форму Present Continuous Active;

-Тренировать навык изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Химия»;

- Освоить терминологию по теме «Химия».

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания

2) Работа над грамматическим материалом:

Задание1. Выберите правильную форму глагола:

1. Today we are discussing/discuss proteins, their classifications, properties and functions.

2. Medical students study/are studying biochemistry in the second year.

3. Analytical chemistry is studying/studies separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials.

4. What are you doing/do you do? – I study/am studying for my exams.

5. What are you working/do you work at the moment? – We are synthesizing/synthesize new compounds now.

6. What does medicinal chemistry study/is studying?

7. I am doing/do a grammar exercise at the moment.

8. What do you do/are you doing for a living?

9. We usually have/are having tests once a month.

10. How do these substances typically interact/are interacting?

11. We are observing/observe how the chemicals are interacting/interact.

Задание2. Составьте небольшие высказывания о том, что вы обычно делаете на занятиях и что вы делаете в данный момент. В своих высказываниях используйте следующие слова и выражения:

To have tests (once/twice/three times a week, a month), to do grammar exercises, to revise our home assignment, to write down the rules, to read and learn new words, to read and translate scientific texts, to do exercises to the texts, to speak English, to ask and answer questions, to give English or Russian equivalents to the words, to present reports, etc.

Например: We usually read and translate English scientific texts in class but now we are speaking English.

Задание3. Сообщите по-английски чем вообще занимаются эти люди и что они делают в данный момент. Используйте картин

Задание4. Выберите правильную форму (Present Simple Active or Present Continuous Active) глагола, данного в скобках:

1) How … enzymes … (to affect) biochemical reactions?

2) We … (to perform) an experiment in the laboratory now.

3) The teacher … (to demonstrate) how to model a biochemical reaction with the application of signal transduction.

4) What … you … (to do) with these reagents?

5) What … you … (to discuss) at the moment? – We … (to discuss) principles of processes involving biochemical reactions.

6) The amino acid … (to differ) depending on the nature of the –R group.

7) What … you … (to do)? – I … (to pour) a reagent into a tube.

8) The nucleic acids … (to consist of) smaller units called nucleotides.

9) Where … you … (to store) these chemicals?

10) Why … he … (to use) this compound? – He … (to use) it to modify and to increase the rate of the chemical reaction.

Задание5. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным частям предложений. Количество вопросов, которое необходимо составить, указано в скобках:

a) Living organisms have two important nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. (1)

b) Proteins consist of amino acids. (2)

c) All organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. (1)

d) Enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions that take place within cells. (2)

e) Each amino acid has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a group of atoms called an —R group. (1)

f) We are making a list of chemicals that we need for the experiment. (2)

h) The scientists are investigating the properties of four liquids. (1)

i) We are doing a research into biochemical engineering. (1)

j) We are studying the properties of biological molecules. (2)

3) Информативное чтение «Medicinal chemistry»:

Задание1. Выучите следующие слова по теме «Медицинская и фармацевтическая химия»: intersection, drug design, chemical synthesis, development of bio-active molecules, broad class, focus on, encompass, computational chemistry, alteration, chemical entity, suitable for, novel active chemical compound, assay, lead compound, pre-clinical research, clinical trials, approval

Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the intersection of chemistry, especially synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialties, where they are involved with design, chemical synthesis and development for market of pharmaceutical agents, or bio-active molecules (drugs).

Compounds used as medicines are most often organic compounds, which are often divided into the broad classes of small organic molecules and medicinal preparations of proteins (natural and recombinant antibodies, hormones, etc.). Inorganic and organometallic compounds are also useful as drugs (e.g., lithium and platinum-based agents such as lithium carbonate).

Medicinal chemistry focuses on small organic molecules. It encompasses synthetic organic chemistry and aspects of natural products and computational chemistry in close combination with chemical biology, enzymology and structural biology, together aiming at the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents. It involves chemical aspects of identification, and then systematic, thorough synthetic alteration of new chemical entities to make them suitable for therapeutic use.

Discovery is the identification of novel active chemical compounds, which are typically found by assay of compounds for a desired biological activity.

Drug development is the process of bringing a new drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes pre-clinical research (microorganisms/animals) and clinical trials (on humans) and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval to market the drug.

Задание2. Укажите, являются ли данные утверждения истинными или ложными. Если утверждение ложное, исправьте его:

1. Medicinal chemistry focuses on large organic molecules. 2. Drug discovery is the process of bringing a new drug to the market. 3. Lithium can also be useful as a drug. 4. Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are purely chemical disciplines. 5. The main purpose of medicinal chemistry is to discover and develop new therapeutic agents. 6. Computational chemistry is of use to medicinal chemistry. 7. Drug discovery is followed by drug development. 8. Lead compound is identified through the process of drug discovery. 9. Chemical entities are altered until they become suitable for therapeutic use.

Задание3. Соотнесите английские слова и термины с их русскими эквивалентами:

1. вычислительная химия	a. medicinal preparations
2. пересечение	b. therapeutic agent
3. медицинские препараты	c. lead compound
4. лекарственное средство	d. pre-clinical research
5. выявление	e. approval
6. основное вещество	f. intersection
7. одобрение	g. clinical trials
8. новое активное соединение	h. computational chemistry
9. клинические испытания	i. identification
10. доклинические исследования	j. novel active compound

Задание4. Заполните пропуски правильными предлогами:

1. Organic compounds are divided … the broad classes of small organic

molecules and medicinal preparations of proteins. 2. Medicinal chemistry focuses exclusively … organic molecules. 3. The formulae of new chemical entities are repeatedly altered to make them suitable … therapeutic use. 4. Once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery, it is brought … the market. 5. These two disciplines are … the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy. 6. Synthesis of organic compounds is aimed … the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents. 7. Being involved … pharmaceutical chemistry I synthesize organic compounds.

Занятие 7(продолжительность-2ч.)

Итоговая контрольная работа по теме «Химия как наука. Органическая и неорганическая химия. Химические процессы в организме человека»

Занятие 8(продолжительность-2ч.)

Тема: Микробиология как наука. Вирусология и иммунология.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, формирование компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

Задачи:

- Повторить временную форму Present Perfect Active/Present Perfect Continuous;

-Тренировать навык изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Микробиология»;

-Освоить терминологию по теме «Микробиология как наука. Вирусология и иммунология».

Этапы занятия: 1) Речевая разминка:

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

- What does microbiology study?

- What does “micro-”? What does “bio-” mean? What does “-logia” mean?

- What is a virus?

- What properties does it have?

- Why is it studied within microbiology?

- What shapes can viruses take?

(helical viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a hollow protein cylinder or capsid and possessing a helical structure; polyhedral viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a polyhedral (many-sided) shell or capsid, usually in the form of an icosahedron; enveloped viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by either a helical or polyhedral core and covered by an envelope; binal (complex) viruses have neither helical nor polyhedral forms, are pleomorphic (irregular shaped), or have complex structures.

2) Изучающее чтение «Viruses»:

Задание1. Найдите русские эквиваленты следующим словам из текста:

tiny, host cell, to destroy, to invade, to range, to retain, to note, to discover, ordinary, to cause, X-ray diffraction, variety, to spread, droplet, to transmit, to achieve

Задание2. Выучите следующие слова:

Polio (полиомиелит), smallpox (оспа), rabies (бешенство), nm (nanometer) (нанометр), yellow fever (тропическая лихорадка), since then (с тех пор), to identify (определять, устанавливать), border (граница), shape (форма), rod (палочка), to split apart (расщепляться, распадаться), to join (соединяться), chickenpox (ветряная оспа), measles (корь), rabid animal (бешеное животное), wound (рана), bite (укус), insect (насекомое), contaminated (зараженный)

A virus is a tiny parasite which lives, grows and reproduces inside a host cell. When viruses destroy the cells they invade them, they produce viral diseases. Polio, smallpox and rabies are typical examples. Viruses are the smallest microbes. They are smaller than bacteria, and range in size from about 20 nm to 300 nm. They are not seen through a light microscope and pass through filters which retain bacteria.

Nature of viruses. Viruses were first discovered in 1892 by a Russian scientist, D. Iwanowsky, who noted infective agents that passed through a filter for ordinary bacteria. They were originally called filterable viruses. In 1901 Walter Reed found the virus that caused yellow fever in man. Since then, many viruses, all parasites, lower animals and human beings, were identified.

Viruses contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and are considered to be on the border between living and non-living. Viruses are classified by their structure and nucleic acids types. Most viruses found in animal cells which attack bacteria (known as bacteriophages) have the nucleic acid DNA. Other animal viruses and plant viruses contain RNA. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have shown that viruses have a variety of shapes such as spherical (e.g. poliomyelitis), straight rods or flexible rods.

Under certain circumstances of virus reproduction, they split apart and then join together again. The same process occurs when chromosomes in the nucleus of a living cell split apart and join to form new cells.

Viruses spread in a variety of ways. Some virus diseases, like chickenpox and measles, spread by contact or by droplets in the air. Rabies virus is transmitted only through a wound - the bite of a rabid animal. Many viruses spread by insects. Virus diseases rarely spread by water, milk or food contaminated by virus. Prevention of virus infection is often achieved by vaccines, made from the original infection virus.

Задание3. Закончите следующие предложения, используя слова из текста:

1) Viruses are so small that they cannot be seen through …

2) When viruses invade cells, they …

3) Viruses are smaller than …

4) In 1892 by a Russian scientist, D. Iwanowsky …

5) Viruses are classified by their structure and …

6) Virus infections are often prevented by ….

Задание4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

- Where do viruses grow?

- What are viruses?

- What were viruses originally called?

- What do viruses contain?

- What are the shapes of viruses?

- How do viruses spread?

• Интерактивная формы работа – работа, направленная на активизацию творческой деятельности студента. Студенты должны найти в интернете информацию о различных видах и типах вирусов, существующих в природе.

3) Работа над грамматическим материалом:

Present Perfect Active

Утвердительная форма	Вопросительная форма	Отрицательная форма
I/We/They/You have done	Have I/we/they/you done?	I/we/they/you have not done.
He/She/It has done	Has he/she/it done?	He/she/it has not done.

Сокращенные формы:

I have = I’ve

He has = He’s

I have not = I haven’t

He has not = He hasn’t