Занятие 4(продолжительность-2ч.)

Тема: Химия как наука. Органическая и неорганическая химия. Химические процессы в организме человека.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, формирование компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

Задачи:

-Повторить временную форму Present Continuous Active;

-Тренировать навык изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Химия»;

- Освоить терминологию по теме «Химия».

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания

2) Речевая разминка:

а) Ответьте на вопросы:

• What does organic chemistry study?

• What families of organic compounds do you know?

• Where can organic compounds be found?

• Where are organic compounds obtained from?(Think of the following: are synthesized in the laboratory, are found in nature, are created from simple inorganic proteins, are produced by plants and animals, etc.)

3) Информативное чтение «Organic compounds»:

Задание1. Познакомьтесь с новыми словами к тексту: subject matter – предмет изучения; ratio - соотношение; to refer to – ссылаться, объясняться; fuel – топливо; to release – выделять, высвобождать; innumerable - бесчисленный; starch - крахмал; chiefly – главным образом, преимущественно; wax - воск; adipose tissue – жировая ткань; to breaks down – распадаться, расщепляться; immense – огромный, громадный; to stand for - обозначать; existence - существование; to suspend – подвешивать, взвешивать; enzyme – энзим, фермент; semi-liquid – полутвердый

Задание2. Составьте одно предложение с любым из приведенных выше слов.

Например: Vehicles need fuel to be set into motion.

The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with organisms. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.

Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. In addition, some carbohydrates serve as structural materials. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1.

Simple carbohydrates, commonly referred to as sugars, can be monosaccharides if they are composed of single molecules, or disaccharides if they are composed of two molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose. Glucose is the basic form of fuel in living things. It is soluble and is transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release its energy. Glucose is the starting material for cellular respiration, and it is the main product of photosynthesis.

Three important disaccharides are also found in living things: maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Maltose is a combination of two glucose units covalently linked. The table sugar sucrose is formed by linking glucose to another monosaccharide called fructose. Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose units.

Complex carbohydrates are known as polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are formed by linking innumerable monosaccharides. Among the most important polysaccharides are the starches, which are composed of hundreds or thousands of glucose units linked to one another. Starches serve as a storage form for carbohydrates.

Two other important polysaccharides are glycogen and cellulose. Glycogen is also composed of thousands of glucose units. Glycogen is the form in which glucose is stored in the human liver. Cellulose is used primarily as a structural carbohydrate. Wood is composed chiefly of cellulose, as are plant cell walls.

Lipids are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is much higher in lipids than in carbohydrates. Lipids include steroids (the material of which many hormones are composed), waxes, and fats.

Certain fatty acids have one or more double bonds in their molecules. Fats that include these molecules are unsaturated fats. Other fatty acids have no double bonds. Fats that include these fatty acids are saturated fats.

Fats stored in cells usually form clear oil droplets called globules because fats do not dissolve in water. The fats in adipose tissue contain much concentrated energy. They serve as a reserve energy supply to the organism. The enzyme lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the human digestive system.

Proteins, among the most complex of all organic compounds, are composed of amino acids, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Certain amino acids also have sulfur atoms, phosphorus, or other trace elements such as iron or copper.

Fat molecules are composed of a glycerol molecule and one, two, or three molecules of fatty acids. A glycerol molecule contains three hydroxyl groups. A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon atoms (from 4 to 24) with a carboxyl group at one end.

Many proteins are immense in size and extremely complex. However, all proteins are composed of long chains of relatively simple amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids. Each amino acid has an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a group of atoms called an —R group (where R stands for radical). The amino acids differ depending on the nature of the —R group.

All living things depend on proteins for their existence. Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are constructed. Certain proteins are dissolved or suspended in the watery substance of the cells, while others are incorporated into various structures of the cells. Proteins are also found as supporting and strengthening materials in tissues outside of cells. Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are all composed of protein.

One essential use of proteins is in the construction of enzymes. Enzymes catalyze the chemical reactions that take place within cells.

Like proteins, nucleic acids are very large molecules. The nucleic acids are composed of smaller units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a carbohydrate molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule that because of its properties is a nitrogenous base.

Living organisms have two important nucleic acids. One type is DNA. The other is RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, while RNA is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, a semi-liquid substance that composes the foundation of the cell.

Задание3. Заполните таблицу, указав, из чего состоят и какую функцию выполняют органические соединения, о которых говорится в тексте:

Organic compound	Structure	Function
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Задание4. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя слова из текста:

1. Сейчас на уроке химии мы изучаем органические соединения.

2. Ферментная липаза расщепляет жиры на жирные кислоты.

3. Сейчас протеины растворяются в воде.

4. Липиды состоят из углерода, водорода и атомов кислорода.

5. Мы наблюдаем, как жиры образуют капельки жира на поверхности воды.

6. Моносахариды состоят из одной молекулы.

7. Дисахариды состоят из двух молекул.

• Интерактивная форма работы –подготовка и защита рефератов. Студенты должны подготовить рефераты о наиболее важных и часто встречающихся в природе органических соединениях. Обосновать, какое значение они имеют для человека.