Занятие 18 (продолжительность-3ч)
Тема: Физиология систем и органов. Основные физиологические процессы в организме человека.
Цель: развивать у студентов навыки чтения и повседневного общения, формировать компетенции:
-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;
-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;
ПК-13- способность использовать один из иностранных языков в общении и профессиональной деятельности на уровне, не ниже разговорного.
Задачи:
-Повторить временные формы страдательного залога–времена группы Simple (Indefinite);
-Тренировать навык изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Физиология»;
- Освоить терминологию по теме «Физиология систем и органов».
Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания
2) Речевая разминка:
Ответьте на вопросы:
Why is digestion important?
What are digestive organs?
Where does the digestive process begin?
What digestive glands do you know?
Посмотрите на схему пищеварительного тракта и расскажите
о его строении:
3) Информативное чтение «Digestive System»:
Your digestive system is uniquely designed to turn the food you eat into energy your body needs to survive. The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon as you take the first bite of a meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use. The throat, also called the pharynx, is the next destination for food you've eaten. From here, food travels to the esophagus or swallowing tube.
The esophagus is a muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. By means of a series of contractions, called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to the stomach.
The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding the food, it's also a mixer and grinder. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that continue the process of breaking down the food. When it leaves the stomach, food is the consistency of a liquid or paste. From there the food moves to the small intestine.
Made up of three segments, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, the small intestine is a long tube loosely coiled in the abdomen. The small intestine continues the process of breaking down food by using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Bile is a compound that aids in the digestion of fat and eliminates waste products from the blood. Peristalsis (contractions) is also at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it up with digestive secretions. Three organs play an important role in helping the stomach and small intestine digest food – the liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Among other functions, the pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food we eat. The liver has many functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system are to make and secrete bile, and to cleanse and purify the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped reservoir that sits just under the liver and stores bile. Bile is made in the liver then travels to the gallbladder through a channel called the cystic duct. During a meal, the gallbladder contracts, sending bile to the small intestine.
Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the liquid has passed through the small intestine, what is left of the food you ate is handed over to the large intestine, or colon. The colon is a 5- to 6-foot-long muscular tube that connects the cecum (the first part of the large intestine) to the rectum (the last part of the large intestine). It is made up of the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The rectum is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It consists of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external muscles).
Задание1. Соотнесите следующие английские эквиваленты и русские словосочетания:
1. food travels to the esophagus |
a. превращать пищу в энергию |
2. to secrete acid and powerful enzymes |
b. по пищеводу пища поступает в желудок |
3. to play a pivotal role |
c. расщеплять протеины, жиры и углеводы, содержащиеся в пище |
4. to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates from the food |
d. играть огромную роль |
5. to eliminate waste products from the blood |
e. пища поступает в пищевод |
6. the esophagus delivers food to the stomach |
f. вырабатывать кислоту и сильные ферменты |
7. to turn the food into energy |
g. вырабатывать и секретировать желчь |
8. to make and secrete bile |
h. выводить продукты метаболизма из крови |
Задание2. Заполните пропуски соответствующими предлогами:
When you eat foods—such as bread, meat, and vegetables—they are not …
a form that the body can use as nourishment. 2) Digestion involves mixing food … digestive juices. 3) Digestion begins … the mouth, when you chew and swallow, and is completed … the small intestine. 4) Swallowed food is pushed … the esophagus, which connects the throat … the stomach. 5) Saliva produced … the salivary glands contains an enzyme that begins to digest the starch from food. 6) The pancreas produces a juice that contains a wide range … enzymes to break down the carbohydrate, fat, and protein in food. 7) The liver produces a digestive juice, called bile, which is stored between meals … the gallbladder. 8) Bile is made … the liver then travels … the gallbladder … a channel called the cystic duct. 9) The rectum is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon … the anus. 10)
Задание3. Дополните вводные предложения аннотации таким образом, чтобы они выражали содержание каждого абзаца в обобщенном виде:
a) The mouth is …
Saliva is important in digestion as it …
The pharynx is the part of the digestive system which …
b) The esophagus delivers food …
The food is mixed and …
From the stomach the food, which is a liquid or paste, travels …
c) The small intestine continues …
Enzymes released by the digestive glands help in …
d) From the small intestine the liquid passes to …
The rectum is the last destination …
Задание4. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1) What is the beginning of the digestive tract?
2) Where does food travel from the pharynx?
3) What kind of organ is the eosophagus?
4) How is food delivered to the stomach?
5) Where does food move from the stomach?
6) What is bile?
7) What organs help the stomach and the small intestine digest food?
8) What are the main functions of the pancreas?
9) Where is bile produced?
10) Where do gallbladder contractions send bile to?
11) How long is the colon?
12) What is it made up of?
13) What is the last part of the digestive tract?
Интерактивная форма работы – тренинг. Студенты должны назвать как можно больше терминов, обозначающих органы и части пищеварительной системы. Если студент затрудняется назвать термин, когда подходит его очередь, он прекращает свое участие в тренинге.
Занятие 19 (продолжительность-3ч)
Итоговая контрольная работа по теме «Физиология систем и органов. Основные физиологические процессы в организме человека»
II семестр
Занятие 1(продолжительность-2ч.)
Тема: Химия как наука. Органическая и неорганическая химия. Химические процессы в организме человека.
Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, формирование компетенций:
-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;
-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;
Задачи:
-Повторить временную форму Present Continuous Active;
-Тренировать навык изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Химия»;
- Освоить терминологию по теме «Химия».
Этапы занятия: 1) Речевая разминка:
а) Ответьте на вопросы:
What does chemistry study? (various substances, their interactions)
Into what general parts do we divide chemistry? (organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry)
What do we study in organic chemistry? (organic substances, such as, proteins, fats, carbohydrates)
How can we define biochemistry? (science, chemical processes, to take place, living organisms)
What is Dmitri Mendeleev famous for? (to discover, the Periodic Table of Elements)
What do properties of chemical elements depend on? (the atomic number)
What is a chemical reaction? (the interaction, two or more substances)
How can we define atoms and molecules? (structural units; solids, liquids and gases)
b) Назовите три газа, описание которых дается ниже:
2) Изучающее чтение «Chemistry. Biochemistry»:
Задание1. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания к тексту «Химия. Разделы химии»:chemical reaction, composition, property, interaction, chemical bonds, branch, living organism, subdivision, matter, urea, to extract, to covert, smth. into smth., to burn, application, organic polymer, to trace, to seek,
Chemistry is the science which studies chemical reactions, composition, structure and properties of substances. It deals with atom and their interactions with other atoms, and particularly with the properties of chemical bonds. Chemistry studies the interactions between atoms (or groups of atoms).
There are several branches of chemistry, including analytical chemistry, biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry and so on. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes and reactions that take place within living organisms. It can be considered as a subdivision of both chemistry and biology.
For a very long time, they thought that living and non-living matter were different. It was thought that only living beings could create special biological molecules, from other molecules obtained from food. In 1828, the German chemist Freidrich Wöhler put an end to this by synthesizing the organic chemical urea — a major component of urine — from inorganic substance. The field of biochemistry was born.
Biochemistry explains how plants extract energy from the sun (photosynthesis), how animals convert glucose into the energy (glycolysis), why our muscles burn when we vigorously exercise (the production of lactic acid), how proteins are synthesized in the cell (protein expression) and others. Biochemistry has useful applications in many areas, such as medicine, agriculture, molecular biology.
Some molecules studied by biochemists include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Most of these are organic polymers. The main elements in organic compounds are oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous, with trace amounts of chlorine, sulfur, potassium, sodium, magnesium, iron, and a few others. Many of the molecules in the body serve as structural components. These include carbohydrates and proteins. Nucleic acids are the building blocks of our genetic instructions (DNA and RNA) found in all forms of life, from humans to viruses.
Biochemistry is studied by tens of thousands of professionals each day, who seek to understand better how life works and how we can both protect it and use it to make our lives better.
Задание1. Соотнесите первую и вторую часть определений:
1. Photosynthesis |
A. are the building blocks of our genetic instructions (DNA and RNA) found in all forms of life. |
2. Biochemistry |
B. is the science which studies chemical reactions, composition, structure and properties of substances. |
3. Glycolysis |
C. is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert the light energy captured from the sun into chemical energy that can be used to fuel the organism's activities. |
4. Nucleic acids |
D. is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid. |
5. Chemistry |
E. is the study of the chemical processes and reactions that take place within living organisms. |
Задание2. Закончите предложения в том виде, как они встречались в тексте:
Biochemists explains …
Biochemistry has useful applications in many areas, such as …
Organic compounds serve as …
Animals convert glucose into …
Our muscles burn when we vigorously …
Proteins are synthesized …
Biochemistry can be considered as a subdivision of …
Задание3. Find on-line information on the German chemist Freidrich Wöhler (see www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wöhler/ de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wöhler/ es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wöhler/ scienceworld.wolfram.com/.../Woehler.htmlСохраненная копия - Похожие), make a Powerpoint presentation and speak about him in class.
Задание4. Используя словарь Britannica Online Encyclopedia, найдите определения следующих слов и терминов:
Organic polymer, lactic acid, urea, molecular biology, medicinal chemistry
Задание5. Заполните пропуски недостающими предлогами:
1. Agrochemistry deals … the application of chemistry … agricultural production and food processing. 2. Physical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies physics … the study of chemistry. 3. Spectroscopy examines the interactions … matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength. 4. Nuclear Chemistry is the branch of chemistry associated … nuclear reactions and isotopes. 5. Green Chemistry is concerned … processes and products that eliminate or reduce the use or release of hazardous substances. 6. Chemistry History is the branch of chemistry and history that traces the evolution … time of chemistry as a science. 7. Environmental Chemistry is the chemistry associated … soil, air, and water and of human impact … natural systems. 8. Medicinal Chemistry is chemistry as it applies … pharmacology and medicine.
Задание6. Дайте определение следующих разделов химии по следующей модели: biochemistry, chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry
Agrochemistry is the study of chemistry in agriculture.
Analytical Chemistry is the study of the properties of materials.
3) Работа над грамматическим материалом: