Занятие 16 (продолжительность-3ч)

Тема: Физиология систем и органов. Основные физиологические процессы в организме человека.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, а также формирование и развитие компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

ПК-13- способность использовать один из иностранных языков в общении и профессиональной деятельности на уровне, не ниже разговорного.

Задачи:

-Повторить временные формы страдательного залога–времена группы Simple (Indefinite);

-Тренировать навык изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Физиология»;

- Освоить терминологию по теме «Физиология систем и органов».

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания

2) Речевая разминка:

1. Ответьте на вопросы:

• What system of the human body is responsible for taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide?

• What does the respiratory system consist of?

• What is the first division of the respiratory system?

• Where are the lungs located?

• What do we need them for?

• What is there in the ribcage between your lungs?

• What are the lungs protected by?

3) Изучающее чтение «Blood. Circulation of Blood»:

Blood is a fluid tissue which is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements: red blood cells (or erythrocytes), white blood cells (or leucocytes) and platelets (or thrombocytes). The number of leucocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4.500 to 9.500 per cc mm (cubic millimetre). It may increase up to 10.000 per cc mm after mental or physical exertion, meals and mild activity. The erythrocytes are the most numerous blood elements. The number of erythrocytes is from 4 000 000 to 5 000 000 per cc mm. The number of red blood cells may change with age and it may increase after physical exertion and emotions. The most important part of the red blood cell is hemoglobin which forms about 36% of its mass. The total blood volume is divided into circulating and reservoir volumes. The venous blood from the systemic and portal circulation is brought to the right atrium of the heart. From the right atrium the blood passes into the right ventricle. During the ventricular systole the blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery. From the pulmonary artery the venous blood enters the pulmonary circulation. Through the pulmonary artery the blood is brought to the lungs where it discharges out carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen. The oxygenated blood from the venous part of the pulmonary capillary system passes into the veins and venules. After passing the four pulmonary veins the arterial blood is brought to the left atrium. From the left atrium the blood passes into the left ventricle. During the contraction of the left ventricle the arterial blood is pumped into the aorta. After that the blood is carried through the arteries to all parts of the body.

Задание1. Опровергните (FALSE) или согласитесь (TRUE) со следующими утверждениями:

1) The blood is composed of erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes (platelets).

2) The number of white blood cells is never increased.

3) Thrombocytes are the most numerous corpuscular elements of blood.

4) The most important part of red blood cells is the colouring substance.

5) There are two circulations in the human body.

6) In the lungs blood discharges out carbon dioxide and takes in oxygen.

7) The oxygenated blood is called arterial blood.

8) The arterial blood is brought to the left atrium from the aorta.

Задание2. Заполните пропуски соответствующими словами из текста и расскажите о циркуляции крови:

The … blood from the systemic circulation is brought to the … atrium of the heart. From the … atrium of the heart the blood passes to the … … .

During the … the blood is pumped into the pulmonary … . From the pulmonary … the venous blood enters the … circulation. Through the … … the blood is brought to the lungs and it discharges carbon dioxide there and takes in …

The … blood from the venous part of the pulmonary capillary system passes into the … and … . After passing the four pulmonary veins the … blood is brought to the … atrium.

From the … atrium the blood passes to the … ventricle. During the contraction of the left ventricle the … blood is pumped into the … . After passing through the … the blood is brought to … .

Задание3. Просмотрите текст «Systemic circulation» и ответьте на вопросы после текста:

The systemic blood vessels are divided into arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins. Arteries supply blood to the organs at high pressure, whereas arterioles are smaller vessels with muscular walls which allow direct control of flow through each capillary bed. Capillaries consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, and the thin walls allow exchange of nutrients between blood and tissue. Veins return blood from the capillary beds to the heart, and contain 70% of the circulating blood volume, in contrast to the 15% in the arterial system. Veins act a reservoir, and venous tone is important in maintaining the return of blood to the heart, for example in severe hemorrhage, when sympathetic stimulation causes constriction of the veins.

1) What are the systemic blood vessels divided into?

2) Under what conditions is blood supplied to the organs?

3) What do capillaries consist of?

4) What is the percentage of circulating blood volume in veins?

5) What is the function of veins?

• Интерактивная форма работы – тренинг. Студенты должны назвать как можно больше терминов, обозначающих органы и части человеческого тела. Если студент затрудняется назвать термин, когда подходит его очередь, он прекращает свое участие в тренинге.

4) Информативное чтение «Oxygen Transport from Air to Tissues»:

Задание1. Прочтите текст, ответьте на вопросы после текста:

Oxygen is transported from the air that we breathe to each cell in the body. In general, gases move from an area of high concentration (pressure) to areas of low concentration (pressure). If there is a mixture of gases in a container, the pressure of each gas (partial pressure) is equal to the pressure that each gas would produce if it occupied the container alone.

The air (atmosphere) around us has a total pressure of 760 mmHg (1 atmosphere of pressure = 760mmHg = 101kPa = 15lbs/sq. in). Air is made up of 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen and small quantities of CO2, argon and helium. The pressure exerted by the main two gases individually, when added together, equals the total surrounding pressure or atmospheric pressure. The pressure of oxygen (PO₂) of dry air at sea level is therefore 159 mmHg (21/100 x 760=159). However by the time the inspired air reaches the trachea it has been warmed and humidified by the upper respiratory tract. The humidity is formed by water vapour which as a gas exerts a pressure. At 37^oC the water vapour pressure in the trachea is 47 mmHg. Taking the water vapour pressure into account, the PO₂ (oxygen partial pressure) in the trachea when breathing air is (760-47) x 21/100 = 150 mmHg. By the time the oxygen has reached the alveoli the PO₂ has fallen to about 100 mmHg. This is because the PO₂ of the gas in the alveoli (PAO2) is a balance between two processes: the removal of oxygen by the pulmonary capillaries and its continual supply by alveolar ventilation (breathing).

Blood returning to the heart from the tissues has a low PO₂ (40 mmHg) and travels to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries form pulmonary capillaries, which surround alveoli. Oxygen diffuses (moves through the membrane separating the air and the blood) from the high pressure in the alveoli (100 mmHg) to the area of lower pressure of the blood in the pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg). After oxygenation blood moves into the pulmonary veins which return to the left side of the heart to be pumped to the systemic tissues. In a 'perfect lung' the PO₂ of pulmonary venous blood would be equal to the PO₂ in the alveolus. Three factors may cause the PO₂ in the pulmonary veins to be less than the PAO₂: ventilation/perfusion mismatch, shunt and slow diffusion.

Задание1. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1. How do gases typically move in the human body?

2. What is the pressure of the air around us?

3. What are the constituents of the air?

4. What is the pressure of oxygen of the dry air?

5. What is air humidity formed by?

6. Does the blood returning to the heart from the tissues have a low or high PO₂?

7. How does oxygen diffuse?

8. Where is oxygenated blood taken?

9. What factors may cause the PO₂ in the pulmonary veins to be less than the PAO₂?

• Интерактивная форма работы – тренинг. Студенты должны назвать как можно больше терминов, обозначающих органы дыхательной системы. Если студент затрудняется назвать термин, когда подходит его очередь, он прекращает свое участие в тренинге.