Занятие 12 (продолжительность-3ч)

Тема: Биология как наука. Формы организации жизни на Земле. Биологическое разнообразие.

Цель: развитие навыков чтения и повседневного общения, а также формирование и развитие компетенций:

-ОК-1-способность к обобщению, анализу, восприятию информации, постановке цели и выбору путей ее достижения, владение культурой мышления;

-ОК-2-способность логически верно, аргументировано и ясно строить устную и письменную речь, создавать тексты профессионального назначения;

ПК-13- способность использовать один из иностранных языков в общении и профессиональной деятельности на уровне, не ниже разговорного.

Задачи:

-Повторить определительные придаточные предложения, вводимые местоимениями who, which, that, whose, а также относительными наречиями where, when, why

-Тренировать навыки изучающего чтения для перевода специальных текстов по теме «Биология»;

-Освоить биологическую терминологию.

Этапы занятия: 1) Проверка домашнего задания

2) Информативное чтение «Viruses and bacteria»:

Задание 1. Прочтите и переведите текст. Выучите следующие новые слова по теме «Viruses and bacteria»: tiny, powerful, DNA, RNA, to surround, layer, to disguise, a host cell, to attach to, to ingest, to release, to shut down, species, with the naked eye, outer, to line, content, flagella, shape, to divide, to grow, soil, helpful, to decompose, to clean up

Viruses are very tiny, simple organisms. They can only be seen with a very powerful microscope called an «electron microscope».

Structure: Each virus is made up of two elementary components: genetic material, either deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA). The nucleic acid is surrounded by a coat (the so-called «envelope») which is composed of a bilipid layer. The envelope serves to disguise the virus to look like a 'real' cell.

Reproduction: A virus's purpose is to reproduce, but it needs a host cell to do so. The virus attaches to the surface of the host cell or is ingested into the cell, then it releases its genetic material into the cell, and shuts down normal cell processes. The virus uses the cell's energy and materials to produce numerous copies of the original virus.

Hosts and resistance: Viruses can infect any kind of host. Animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria can be infected. Most animal viruses, however, are species specific. This means, they infect one species of animal. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects only humans.

Bacteria are very different from viruses. First of all, bacteria are much larger in size. The largest virus is only as big as the very smallest bacterium. But bacteria are still microscopic and cannot be seen with the naked eye. Still the structure of a bacterium is relatively simple. Structure: Bacteria have an outer cell wall. Plasma membrane lines the inside of the cell wall. The content inside the cell is called "cytoplasm." There are ribosomes, the nucleoid, and plasmids in the cytoplasm. Some bacteria have long structures called "flagella" that they use for movement. Bacteria can occur in three basic shapes: coccus (spheres), bacillus (rods), spirillum (spirals). Reproduction: Bacteria reproduce by means of "binary fission." This means they divide in two, and each new bacterium is a clone of the original. Bacteria can reproduce very quickly. Hosts and resistance: Bacteria can grow nearly everywhere. There are bacteria in the soil, at the depths of the ocean, living in the mouth of volcanoes, on the surfaces of teeth, and in the digestive tracts of humans and animals. They are everywhere and are very numerous. In fact, many bacteria are very helpful to us. There are species that decompose trash, clean up oil spills, and even produce medicines. Задание1. Обобщите информацию, полученную из текста о вирусах, и бактериях. Заполните таблицу по образцу:

	Viruses	Bacteria
Structure
Reproduction
Hosts & Resistance

Задание2. Заполните пропуски подходящими предлогами:

1) Each virus is made up … two elementary components. 2) Bacteria differ greatly … viruses. 3) Bacteria use «flagella» … movement. 4) The virus usually attaches … the surface of the host cell. 5) Bacteria reproduce … means of binary fission by which they divide … two. 6) Many bacteria are very helpful … us. 7) Bacteria are microscopic and cannot be seen … the naked eye. 8) Viruses can be seen … an electron microscope. 9) The nucleic acid in a virus is surrounded … a coat (the so-called «envelope»). 10) The envelope is composed … a bilipid layer. 11) Bacteria can be found … the digestive tract … human s and animals.

Задание 3. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

1) What is a virus?

2) What is the size of viruses?

3) What is each virus made up of?

4) How do viruses reproduce?

5) Who can be infected by viruses?

6) In what way are bacteria different from viruses?

7) What is the structure of bacteria?

8) What do bacteria use flagella for?

9) In what forms can bacteria occur?

10) How fast can bacteria reproduce?

11) Where can bacteria be found?

12) In what way are bacteria helpful to us?

3) Работа над грамматическим материалом:

a) Определительные придаточные предложения, вводимые относительными местоимениями who, that, which, whose, whom и относительными наречиями where, when, why

Задание1.Объедините два предложения в одно. Используйте соответствующее относительное местоимение who/that/which:

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

The girl who was injured in the accident is now in. hospital

2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.

The man ______________________________________ .

3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.

The ___________________________________________ .

4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

_______________________________________________ .

5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.

The ____________________________________________.

6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.

________________________________________________ .

Задание2.Закончите предложения. Выберите наиболее подходящее словосочетание из приведенных ниже. Постройте сложные предложения с определительными придаточными:

he invented the telephone

she runs away from home

they are never on time

they were on the wall

it makes washing machines

it gives you the meaning of words

it won the race

they stole my car

it can support life

it cannot be explained

1. Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.

2. The book is about a girl __________ .

3. What was the name of the horse _________ .

4. The police have caught the men ___________ .

5. Alexander Bell was the man ______________ .

6. What's happened to the pictures ___________ .

7. A mystery is something _______________ .

8. A dictionary is a book ______________ .

9. I don't like people ____________.

10. It seems that Earth is the only planet _____________ .

Задание3. Закончите предложения, используя who/whom/whose/where:

1. What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed?

2. A cemetery is a place _______ people are buried.

3. A pacifist is a person _______believes that all wars are wrong.

4. An orphan is a child ________parents are dead.

5. The place _________we spent our holidays was really beautiful.

6. This school is only for children ________first language is not English.

7. 1 don't know the name of the woman to ________I spoke on the phone.

Задание4.Заполните пропуски соответствующим относительным местоимением или наречием:

1. The nucleic acids are very large molecules …. have two main parts. 2. Nucleic acids are the molecules …. code the genetic information of organisms. 3. Invariant natural killer T-cells are a type of white blood cell …. protects the body from diseased or infected cells. 4. The scientific method is the method by …. scientists use to solve problems. 5. Independent variable are variables …. The experimenter changes. 6. Enzymes are proteins …. speed up chemical reactions. 7. An organism’s habitat is …. it lives. 8. A limiting factor is anything …. limits the size of a population. 9. A behaviour … an animal is born with is called innate. 10. Chloroplasts are the site …. photosynthesis takes place in the plant cell.