
- •Т.В. Барамикова, л.П. Ільєнко, т.С. Макарська, м.В. Рогачова, н.Д. Ганчик, к.Б. Кугай, і.О. Нікіфорова, а.В. Спіжова Practical course of English
- •Introduction
- •Why are you learning English?
- •II Reading skills.
- •1. Read and remember:
- •2. Read and translate the following text:
- •I am a student of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design
- •3. Find the answers to the questions:
- •4. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:
- •6. True or false statements:
- •Personal information.
- •III Grammar skills.
- •1. Choose the correct form:
- •2. Complete the sentences with:
- •3. Put the words into the correct word order:
- •4. Match the question words and answers:
- •5. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read these dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2. Speak on the following situations:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary. My family
- •Pronouns
- •II Reading skills.
- •Read and remember:
- •1. An ancient city древнє, стародавнє місто
- •2. Read and translate the following text: Kyiv
- •3. Find the answers to the questions:
- •4. Complete the sentences:
- •Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine and the seat of …
- •5. Translate into English:
- •6. Match the following words:
- •7. Use either the Simple Present or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets:
- •8. Translate into English:
- •9. Ask questions to the following answers:
- •IV Communicative Skills.
- •Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •A.: I’m from the usa. And you? Are you Russian?
- •A.: What country are you from?
- •2. Make up dialogues according to the model:
- •V Rendering.
- •Read the text and translate it using a dictionary. A letter to a friend
- •4. Listen to the text once more and answer the following questions:
- •The Present Simple Tense
- •Вживання The Present Progressive Tense
- •1. Read and remember:
- •2. Read and translate the text. Ukraine is my Homeland
- •4. Match the words:
- •Complete the sentences with the correct word:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •9. Make sentences using when and the Past Continuous or the Past Simple of
- •10. Translate into English:
- •Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. Pay attention to the meaning of the expression “used to”:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2. Speak on the following situations:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
- •Industry of Ukraine
- •The Past Simple Tense (минулий простий час)
- •Contraction
- •The Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense
- •1. Form
- •Похідні від some, any, no
- •Used to
- •2. Form
- •2. Listen and remember the following phrases:
- •II Reading skills.
- •1. Read and remember:
- •2. Read and translate the following text:
- •Introducing London
- •2. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple Tense and translate
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2. Speak on the following situations:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Getting about London
- •The Present Perfect Tense
- •Present Perfect / Past Indefinite
- •Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives
- •The United Kingdom
- •3. Find the answers to the questions:
- •4. Match the words:
- •5. True or false statements:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •1. Choose the correct form:
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Put the words into correct word order:
- •4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- •5. Choose the correct form:
- •6. Translate into English:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2. Speak on the following situation:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: The Queen’s Role
- •2. Listen to the text “Cambridge” and try to understand it.
- •3. Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions:
- •4. True or false statements:
- •The Past Perfect Tense
- •P ossessive case
- •Утворення
- •3. Find the answers to the questions:
- •4. Ask questions оn the points below and answer them:
- •5. Get ready to speak about the following:
- •6. Complete the sentences using the prepositions against, at, bу, for, in, оn, of, to where necessary:
- •7. Match the sentence parts:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •1. Add "the " in the spaces where necessary:
- •2. Choose the correct form:
- •3. Complete the sentences:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2. Complete the dialogue:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Who rules the country?
- •Proper nouns and the definite article (означeний артикль та власне ім'я)
- •The Future Simple Tense
- •Exclamation sentences (окличні речення) What...! What a ....! How....!
- •2. Prepositions of time, place and direction
- •I Phonetic skills.
- •Listen and repeat:
- •II Reading skills.
- •1. Read and remember:
- •2. Read and translate the following text: canada
- •3. Find the answers to the following questions:
- •4. Match the words:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •1. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •2. Choose the correct form: can, be able to, must, had to, could, may, be allowed to.
- •3. Put the words into correct word order:
- •Тне most extraordinary country то explore
- •4. Listen to the text once again and answer the questions:
- •Can, may, must and their equivalents
- •Prepositions
- •Cultures around the World
- •2. Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks:
- •3. Put the verb in brackets in an appropriate tense form:
- •4. Put the verb into the correct form:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them.
- •2. Speak on the following situations:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:
- •Future Progressive
- •Future Perfect
- •Questions
- •Question words
- •I Phonetic skills.
- •Listen and repeat:
- •Listen and remember the following phrases:
- •II Reading skills.
- •Read and remember:
- •Read and translate the text: Higher Education in Ukrainian Educational System
- •Find the answers to the questions:
- •True or false statements:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •Choose the correct form:
- •Complete the sentences with proper verb forms using the verbs in brackets:
- •With Present Simple or Present Continuous.
- •With Past Simple or Past Continuous.
- •With Past Simple or Present Perfect.
- •With Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect.
- •Put the words into the correct word-order:
- •Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- •Translate into English:
- •IV Communicative Skills.
- •Read the dialogues and act them out:
- •Role-play. Speak on the following situations:
- •V Rendering.
- •Read the text and translate it using a dictionary. Higher Education in the usa
- •I Phonetic skills.
- •Listen and repeat.
- •Read and remember:
- •Read and translate the following text. Light industry as it was and as it is
- •Find the answers to the questions:
- •Match the correct words:
- •Complete the sentences with the correct word:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •1. Choose the correct form: active or passive.
- •2. Transform the following sentences from Active into Passive Voice.
- •3. Transform the following sentences from Passive into Active Voice.
- •4. Complete the sentences with by or with.
- •6. Put the verb into the correct form: Active or Passive Voice.
- •7. Write questions using the Passive Voice.
- •8. Ask questions to which the following statements are the answers.
- •9. Translate into English using the verbs into Passive Voice.
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogs and reproduce them.
- •2. Speak on the following situations:
- •V Rendering
- •Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
- •Information technologies in manufacturing
- •The Passive Voice
- •Unit 11
- •Grammar: The Infinitive and the Infinitive constructions
- •I Phonetic skills.
- •1. Listen and repeat:
- •Listen and remember the following words and phrases:
- •II Reading skills.
- •Read and remember:
- •Read and translate the following text. Engineering and Technological Progress
- •Find the answers to the questions:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Match the following words:
- •Translate into English:
- •Define the forms of the Infinitive and translate the sentences:
- •Define the type of the Infinitive construction and translate the sentences:
- •Choose the correct form:
- •Put the words in the sentences into correct word order:
- •Translate into English:
- •Complete the sentences:
- •Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2) (Reading for an examination)
- •3) (At the examination)
- •V Rendering.
- •Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Automation
- •2. Listen to the text “My future speciality” and try to understand it.
- •3. True or False statements:
- •Предикативні інфінітивні звороти
- •The Objective Infinitive Construction (Complex Object).
- •The Subjective Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject)
- •Unit 12
- •Read and translate the text: Profession of a designer
- •3. Find the answers to the questions:
- •4. Complete the sentences:
- •6. True or false statements:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •2. Complete the sentences:
- •3. Put the words into correct word order:
- •4. Join the sentences using Participle I:
- •5. Choose the correct form:
- •6. Define the form of the gerund, using the table and translate the sentences:
- •IV Communicative skills
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2. Speak on the following situation:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Modern Ukrainian fashion design
- •Forms of participles
- •I have my shoes mended in that shop. – я ремонтую туфлі у цій майстерні.
- •The Gerund
- •Unit 13
- •I Phonetic skills.
- •Exhibition. International Exhibition of Light Industry Achievements
- •3. Find the answers to the questions:
- •4. Complete the sentences:
- •5. Match the words that go together:
- •III Grammar Skills.
- •Choose the correct form:
- •Put the words in the sentences into correct word-order:
- •Open the brackets and put the verb into the correct form:
- •Transform direct statements into indirect. Make all necessary changes:
- •Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb:
- •Translate into Ukrainian:
- •Translate into English:
- •IV Communicative Skills.
- •Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •Speak on the following situations:
- •V Rendering.
- •Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: On the importance of the conference
- •VI Comprehensive Skills.
- •Direct and Reported Speech
- •Unit 14
- •I Phonetic skills.
- •1. Listen and repeat:
- •2. Listen and remember the following words and phrases:
- •II Reading skills.
- •1. Read and remember:
- •2. Read and translate the following text. What is the Internet?
- •3. Find the answers to the questions:
- •4. Match the words:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •III Grammar skills.
- •1. Choose an appropriate form “if” or “when”:
- •2. Put the verb into correct form Present Real or Present Unreal Conditional:
- •3. Transform the sentences using conditionals:
- •4. Complete the sentences in your own way using conditionals:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •2. Arrange the utterances from the conversations in the logical order:
- •Invention of the Telephone
- •Unit 15
- •II Reading skills.
- •1. Read and remember:
- •2. Read and translate the following text: The Problem of Pollution in Ukraine
- •2. Choose the correct form of the verb:
- •3. Put the words in the sentences into correct word order:
- •4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:
- •5. Translate into English:
- •IV Communicative skills.
- •1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:
- •V Rendering.
- •1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary: Ecological Problems
- •Compound sentences
- •Фонетичний довідник
- •Англійський алфавіт
- •Читання голосних Загальна характеристика голосних
- •Читання приголосних
- •Приголосні фонеми
- •Тексти для позакласного читання the english language
- •Why are many English words pronounced differently from the way they are spelt?
- •Kyivo-pecherska lavra
- •Museum of great patriotic war
- •Babyn yar
- •St. Sophia's cathedral
- •Andriyivsky descent
- •Folk architecture and life museum pyrohovo
- •St. Michael's golden-domed cathedral
- •Khreschatyk
- •City of London
- •Palace of westminster
- •Clock tower, palace of westminster
- •Trafalgar square
- •British museum
- •Parliament of the United Kingdom
- •Buckingham Palace
- •St Paul's Cathedral
- •Why do the British like going to the pub?
- •What is the most popular food in Britain?
- •What are the most common superstitions in Britain?
- •How do the British spend their leisure time?
- •How are the police organised?
- •When can the police carry guns?
- •What is the oldest university in Britain?
- •What are Britain's national costumes?
- •What is haggis?
- •Is it true that a lot of British dishes are named after places?
- •At what age do children go to school in Britain?
- •What are the different types of secondary school?
- •Why are ‘public’ schools so called?
- •Why does the Queen have two birthdays?
- •Why the heir to the throne is called the Prince of Wales?
- •How should one address someone with a title?
- •W hat powers does the Queen have?
- •P rivy Council
- •Why doesn’t Britain have a written constitution?
- •What was the Magna Carta?
- •Why are Ambassadors sent to the Court of St. James’s?
- •How does Britain elect its government?
- •Devolution to Scotland and Wales
- •What are the origins of the names of the main political parties?
- •How is the Speaker chosen?
- •What is a ‘whip’ in Parliament?
- •Washington
- •American originals
- •Living in the usa
- •Canadian ways
- •Toronto
- •Ukrainians in canada
- •Australia. Land and people
- •People and culture
- •Aborigines
- •Australian ways
- •New zealand. Land and people
- •New zealand. Customs and traditions
- •Customs and traditions
- •Cambridge
- •American universities
- •Engineering as a profession
- •Fashion designers
- •Designer
- •Costume designer
- •Graphic design
- •Christian Dior Fashion Designer (1905-1957)
- •Coco Chanel
- •The 1st international scientific practical conference "artificial intelligence - 2000" september 11-16, 2000 katsiveli (crimea, ukraine)
- •The expocentre of ukraine
- •"Fabrics. Threads. Accessories"
- •Fta exhibition
- •Bbc world service
- •Prehistory of technologies
- •Tomas edison
- •Internet
- •History of the Internet
- •Internet café
- •Bill Gates
- •Balance of Nature
- •The Problem of pollution in Ukraine
- •Recycling
- •Англо-український словник
- •Англо-український словник власних імен та географічних назв
Pronouns
Pronouns – займенники. Англійські займенники поділяються на: особові, присвійні, зворотні, вказівні, неозначені, питальні, заперечні.
-
особові
присвійні
зворотні
Називний відмінок
Об'єктний відмінок
Присвійні прикметники
Абсолютна присвійна форма
I
you
she
he
it
we
you
they
me
you
her
him
it
us
you
them
my
your
her
his
its
our
your
their
mine
yours
hers
his
its
ours
yours
theirs
myself
yourself
herself
himself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
Note: 1) особові займенники у об'єктному відмінку можуть використовуватись із різними прийменниками і при перекладі відповідають на питання непрямих відмінків: I am glad for him. – Я рада за нього.
2) присвійні прикметники обов’язково вживаються з іменниками, а абсолютні присвійні форми без: This is my textbook, and that is hers. – Це мій підручник, а той – її.
-
Вказівні займенники
This – цей
These – ці
That - той
Those – ті
This boy is my brother and that girl is my friend.
Цей хлопець – мій брат, а та дівчина – моя приятелька.
These students are very clever.
Ці студенти дуже розумні.
Those guys are from the Kyiv National Ecomical University.
Ті хлопці навчаються в КНЕУ.
-
Питальні займенники
Who /hu/ - хто?
What /wat/ - що?, який?
Whose /huz/ - чий?
Who are you? – Як тебе звати? (дослівно: ти хто?)
What is Vadym Kruglov? – Який фах має Вадим Круглов?
Whose textbook is that? – Чий то підручник?
-
Неозначені займенники
some/any
Some / any – означають: якась кількість, кілька, небагато; часто не перекладаються. Вживаються тоді, коли кількість предметів невідома або неважлива:
There are some students in the study.
В аудиторії перебуває кілька студентів.
Is there any person aged over 100 in your family?
Чи є в вашій родині людина, якій би виповнилося більше 100 років?
-
Заперечний займенник: no
No – вживається тільки при запереченнях.
There is no information about this speciality.
Про цю спеціальність немає ніякої інформації.
To be.
Дієслово „to be” означає бути, існувати, знаходитися. Має форми теперішнього, минулого та майбутнього часів:
-
теперішній
минулий
майбутній
am/are/is
was/were
will be
“To be” у теперiшньому часі має такі форми:
Affirmative:
-
I_____
He
She
It_____
We
You
They
__am_____
is
__________
are
from
the KNUTD
I am = I’m
He is = he’s
She is = she’s
It is = it’s
We are = we’re
You are = you’re
They are = they’re
Questions:
-
Am___
Is
______
Are
__I______
he
she
__it_______
we
you
they
from
the KNUTD?
-
Yes/No questions:
Wh-questions:
Is she a student? – Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
Are you a teacher? – No, I am not.
Yes, I am.
Who are you?
What is your speciality?
Where are you now?
When is your birthday?
How are you?
Tag-questions:
Alternative questions:
I am a student, am I not?
He isn’t at home, is he?
Are you a designer or a mechanical student? – I am a designer.
Negative:
-
I_____
He
She
It_____
We
You
They
__am_____
is
__________
are
not
from the KNEU
I am not = I’m not (NOT I amn’t)
He is not = he isn’t
She is not = she isn’t
It is not = it isn’t
We are not = we aren’t
You are not = you aren’t
They are not = they aren’t
„To be” використовується у простих (за змістом) реченнях, у яких повідомляється:
- Ім’я когось або чогось:
I am Ann Kovalchuk.
His name is Edward Prokopenko.
- вік когось або чогось:
I am 17 years old.
She is 18.
- місцезнаходження когось або чогось:
My English study is on the first floor.
They are in the reading hall now.
- опис чого-небудь або кого-небудь:
I am pretty.
He is blue-eyed.
The weather is cold today.
The books are expensive.
It is red.
- професія, заняття, інтереси
I am a first-year student.
My brother is an interior designer.
They are computer programmers.
She is interested in embroidering.
Дієслово “to be” вживається у безособових реченнях після займенника it для позначення:
-
часу, дня тижня, дати, найменування місяця;
пори року, погодних умов, температури;
відстані;
відношення до вчинків інших.
It’s two o’clock.
It’s Monday today.
It’s the first of April.
It’s autumn now.
It’s very warm today.
It’s ten degrees above zero.
It’s not far from here to the university.
It’s very nice of you.
Note: у таких реченнях займенник it рідною мовою не перекладається.
There + be
Ця конструкція вживається тоді, коли йдеться про те, що хтось або щось десь знаходиться (не знаходиться), існує або не існує.
Існують такі форми there + be:
Affirmative:
-
There
is
one boy
in our group.
are
twenty girls
Questions:
-
Is
there
a boy
in your group?
Are
any girls
-
Yes/No questions:
Wh-questions:
Is there a student in the study? – Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
Are there any books on the desk? –
Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t
Who is there in the study?
What is there on the desk?
Tag-questions:
Alternative questions:
There is a girl in the library, isn’t there?
There aren’t any boys in our group, are there?
Is there a PC or laptop on the desk? – There is a laptop there.
Are there books or notebooks in your desk? – There are both books and notebooks there.
Negatives:
-
There
is
no
information about this student.
are
girls in the technical laboratory.
-
There
is
not
much information about this student.
are
many girls in the technical laboratory.
У таких реченнях конструкція “there + be” дослівно українською мовою не перекладається. Такі речення слід перекладати, починаючи з обставини місця:
There are twenty girls in our group - У нашій групі 20 дівчат.
Singular/plural of nouns.
Англійські іменники мають форми однини (singular) та множини (plural).
singular |
plural |
a student a school a parent a couturier |
(many) students (some) schools (both) parents (various) couturiers |
a dress a box a bench a bush |
dresses boxes benches bushes |
a family a university a technology But: a boy a day |
families universities technologies
boys days |
a wife a shelf |
wives shelves |
a man a woman a person a child a foot a tooth a goose a mouse |
men women people children feet teeth geese mice |
a fish a deer a sheep a fruit |
fish deer sheep fruit |
|
trousers glasses scissors jeans |
Крім того, іменники поділяють на злічувані (countable) та незлічувані (uncountable). Злічувані іменники можуть мати форми однини та множини, вживатися з артиклем a (an) та з числівниками. Незлічувані іменники можуть вживатися лише в однині, лише з неозначеними займенниками (some, any) та деякими прислівниками (much, a little).
countable |
uncountable |
a boy a girl a student a family a company a designer a worker |
water sugar information knowledge money freedom independence |
three boys four girls ten companies |
But never: three freedoms five independences two moneys |
Із злічуваними та незлічуваними іменниками в реченнях можна вживати такі займенники та прислівники:
We use ... |
With counts |
With uncounts |
In positive sentences |
In questions |
In negative sentences |
Some Any Much Many A lot (lots) of A few A little |
+ + - + + + - |
+ + + - + - + |
+ - + + + + + |
+(sometimes) + + + -
|
- + + + -
|
“+” – yes; “-“ – no.
A (an)/the
Англійські іменники вживаються з артиклями: неозначаним а (an) та означеним the. Іменники, які починаються з приголосного, вживаються з a; які починаються з голосного, вживаються з an. The вживається перед голосними і приголосними.
a family – an engineer
a student - an accountant
and
the family – the engineer
We use... |
With counts |
With uncounts |
Singular |
Plural |
A (an) The |
+ + |
- + |
+ + |
- + |
“+” – yes, “-“ – no.
We use a (an): |
Example: |
|
A boy is in the gym. I have a friend. I am a student. My Mom is a designer. We have English once a week. There are a few new words in the text. What a lovely day! What a pity! |
We use the: |
Example: |
|
The boy in the gym is from my group. What is the name of this street? The Black Sea; The Day; The British Museum; The Hilton.
The Sun; The Moon; The Earth.
I like the book. (=I like this book.)
Ann and Paul are the same age. |
We use no article: |
Example: |
|
I like parties. Education is necessary for me.
Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine. I have lunch with Edik. English is my favourite language. Ben Nevis is the highest peak of Great Britain.
I go home on foot.
What loud music!
|
To have
„To have” означає: мати, володіти, бути власником. Іноді не має прямого перекладу. Має такі форми:
Теперiшнього часу – have/has, минулого часу - had, майбутнього часу – will have.
У теперiшньому часі в значенні “мати” можна вживати розмовний вираз – have/has got.
Форми теперiшнього часу:
Affirmative:
I You We They |
have/have got |
two sisters. |
He She It |
has/has got |
Negative:
I You We They |
do not have /have not got |
any money. |
He She It |
does not have /has not got |
Questions:
Do |
I you we they |
have a car? |
Does |
he she it |
Or:
Have |
I you we they |
got a car? |
Has |
he she it |
Yes/No questions: |
Wh-questions: |
Do you have a sister? – Yes, I do. No, I don’t. Does he have a brother? – Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t. Have you got a sister? – Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has he got a brother? – Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. |
How many brothers do you have?= How many brothers have you got? When do you have breakfast? (NOT: When have you got breakfast?) What do you have? = What have you got? What does he have? = What has he got?
|
Tag-questions: |
Alternative questions: |
You have lunch at home, don’t you? He has breakfast at home, doesn’t he? I have got two sisters, haven’t I? We haven’t got any books, have we? |
Do you have a brother or a sister?= Have you got a brother or a sister? I have a brother = I have got a brother.
|
Також дієслово „to have” вживається у виразах на позначення дії. В цьому випадку воно втрачає своє значення “володіти чимось”, “мати щось”:
have breakfast (lunch, dinner) – снідати (обідати, вечеряти)
have coffee (tea) – пити каву (чай)
have a shower (a bath) – приймати душ (ванну)
have a good time – гарно проводити час
have to – вимушений щось робити
I do not want to go there, but I have to. - Я не хочу туди йти, але мушу.
Unit 2
Topic: Kyiv
Grammar: 1. The Simple Present Tense
2. The Simple Progressive Tense
3. The Numerals
4. The Word-order in the simple sentence
I Phonetic Skills.
1. Listen and repeat:
Europe ['juərəp]
picturesque [pikt∫ə'resk]
ancient ['ein∫(ə)nt]
to draw ['drƆ:]
unique [ju:'ni:k]
boutique [bu:'tik]
sight [sait]
entrance ['entr(ə)ns]
feudal ['fju:d(ə)l]
church [t∫ə:t∫]
cathedral [kə'θi:dr(ə)l]
throne [θrəun]
inimitable [i'nimitəbl]
architectural [α:ki 'tekt∫ər(ə)l]
2. Listen and remember the following words and phrases:
1. commerce and finance торгівля та фінанси
2. legal system судова система
3. collective wisdom and creative efforts колективний розум та творчі зусилля
4. complex automatic lathes складні автоматичні верстати
5. electric measuring instruments електричні вимірювальні прилади
6. artificial fibres штучні волокна
7. to erect створювати (будувати)
8. to lay the foundation закласти основу
9. in honour of на честь
10. to conclude trade agreements or укладати торгові або мирні угоди
peace treaties
11. principality князівство