The Metric System

The fundamental unit of the metric system is the metre. The millimetre and centimetre are the units which the chemist uses very frequently in his work.

If one is to measure extremely short distances, the micron is to be used.

The unit of mass is the gram, milligram or the kilogram.

The unit of the heat measurement is the calorie

Ex.7 : Дайте відповіді на питання

Model: What is the crucible used for? It is used for heating.

1. What is the thermometer used for? 2. What is the balance used for? 3. What is the calorimeter used for? 4. What is the microscope used for?

Ex. 8 Дайте відповіді на питання

1. What relationship exists between various kinds of matter? 2. What is the chemist to do if he wants to understand the quantitative relationships between various kinds of matter? 3. What does the chemist use balances for? 4. When does the chemist use a calorimeter and thermometer? 5. What is it necessary to use in order to measure volumes? 6. What devices do the analytical and physical chemists use? 7. What device does the chemist use if he wants to examine very small samples of matter? 8. What is the fundamental unit of the metric system? 9. When can the micron be used? 10. What is the unit of volume? 11. What is the unit of the heat measurement?

Ex. 9 Перекладіть речення.

1, They had to use balances in their work. 2. He was to determine the relationships between these two substances. 3. You should take into account all the results of your first experimental work. 4. In order to determine the definite weight some of the samples have to be examined 5. Students should know that barometers can be of two types, that is (i.e.) mercurial and aneroid. 6. The quantity of the sample is to be measured before the experiment. 7. Various instruments are to be employed if chemists want to get necessary results. 8. Some balances are much more sensitive than others and chemists should take this fact into account. 9. Students have to know the metric system. 10. When a chemist finishes his work he is to put the analytical balance into a special glass box. 11. For a number of reasons, mercury is to be used in barometers. 12. Everything has to be put in order when you finish your experiments in the laboratory. 13. The industry spread to areas where coal had to be used.

Ex. 10 Знайдіть синоніми.

matter, various, main, quantity, often, different, use, amount, employ, frequently, substance, fundamental

Ex. 11 Відкрийте дужки, підбираючи необхідне слово

1. (A balance, a calorimeter, a thermometer) is a device which determines the quantity, but not the quality of heat in a body. 2. If a chemist determines mass, he is to employ (a flask, a thermometer, a balance). 3. (A calorimeter, a flask, a microscope) is used if a chemist must examine small samples of matter. 4. For the measurement of volumes of gases a chem­ist uses (burettes, pipettes, gas burettes). 5. The unit of (volume, mass) in the metric system is the gram. 6. On (the Centigrade scale, the Fahrenheit scale) the freezing point of water is 0°. 7. If a chemist must measure extremely short dis­tances, (the centimetre, the micron) is to be used

Ex. 12Прочитайте, перекладіть текст.

A thermometer is a device which is used to determine the temperature of a body. Two bodies of unequal size may have the same temperature; the bigger contains more heat, but the quality of the heat in each is the same. Thermometers take many forms, the commonest of which is the mercury-bulb variety.

There are two scales—Centigrade and Fahrenheit.

On the Fahrenheit scale the freezing point of water is marked as 32° and the boiling point of water as 212°. On the Centigrade scale the freezing point of water is called 0° and its boiling point 100° (see Fig. 5). Thus, 130 divisions on the Fahrenheit scale are equal to 100 divisions on the Centigrade scale,

and 1°F=5/9°C.

If the chemist wants to convert temperatures from one scale to the other, the following formulas are to be used:

C = 5/9(F — 32) and F-9/5C + 32

Ex. 13. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст. Дайте відповіді на питання.

The Balance

If the chemist is to determine mass, he should use a balance. The balance is an instrument which is used when it is necessary to compare known masses with unknown masses Some balances are much more sensitive than others, that is, some can detect smaller differences in mass than others. This sensitivity depends upon several factors. In the first place, the sensitivity increases as the length of the beam increases, and secondly, the sensitivity increases as the mass of the object on the pan increases. Thirdly, the sensitivity increases as the weight of the beam decreases.

In the average chemical laboratory there are usually three types of balances. The analytical balance is the most sensitive. It is kept in a glass case, in a special balance room, where the temperature is constant. Hot or cold objects shouldn't be placed on such a balance and the glass case should be closed.

1. When is the chemist to use a balance?

2. What is a balance?

3. Which balance is the most sensitive?

4. Where is the analytical balance to be kept?

Ex. 14 Прочитайте, перекладіть текст

Very often a chemist has to measure volumes of liquids. The commonest instrument is the graduated cylinder. On the side of it one can see scratches. They correspond to millilitres. The cylinder has a lip so that its contents may be poured easi­ly into another container.

The volumetric flask is used for the preparation .of solutions.

The burette and the pipette are used in quantitative analysis and other quantitative work. The burette is a glass tube, open at the top end. The pipette has a scratch on the neck. This scratch is the mark to which it can be filled.

Ex. 15. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст

The chemical industry needs instruments for accurate measuring. Good measuring instruments are able to give rapid results. Without modern instrumentation chemical processes were often controlled by a human operator who had to decide what needed to be done, It was rather difficult to do. The results had often to be checked thoroughly. There are many different kinds of measuring instruments and -there is much information about the instruments which are to be used in chemical plants. The purpose of all measuring devices is to control a chemical reaction. In a process controlled by a human operator, the temperature, for example, can be read from a thermometer. The operator is to decide whether the temperature is all right. Then he has to make some measurements. In the automated system, some mechanical or electrical device must replace the human operator to decide whether a process correction is needed and, if so the extent of the necessary correction.

Контрольні роботи

Variant 1

Ex. 1. Підкресліть строку де всі слова прикметники

1. chemical, naturally, fundamental;

2. entirely, practically, possible, physically;

3. possibly, artificially, entirely, naturally;

4. practically, artificially, original, possibly;

5. different, impossible, original.

Ex. 2. Знайдіть пари антонімів і запам’ятайте їх

possible, to appear, natural, ancient, external, the same, to disap­pear, artificial, modern, different, impossible, internal, organic new inorganic, old.

Ex. 3. Знайдіть пари антонімів і запам’ятайте їх

to deal with, to change, to start, field, to be concerned with, to alter branch, to begin.

Ex: 4. Поставте дієслова в минулому неозначеному часі

to learn, to deal with, to accompany, to create, to study, to change to undergo, to place, to take, to begin, to contain, to make, to go, to be.'

Ex. 5. Підкресліть речення де слово "change" є присудком

L This is an example of a chemical change, since a chemical change results in permanent changes of properties. 2. The properties of this sub­stance change when we heat it. 3. The change from one state into another was accompanied by the evolution of heat. 4. The colour of the solution changed after the reaction. 5. Great changes took place in our laboratory it became one of the largest in our institute. 6. Nuclear changes may be shown by equations. 7. One form of energy may he changed into another. 8. The temperature at which the experiments were made changed between room temperature and 1400 deg. C.

Ex. .6 Перекладіть речення звертаючи увагу на виділені слова

I. The article dealt with the changes which took place during the reaction 2. Lomonosov devoted his life to the development of Russian science. 3. It doesn't matter what method we will employ in our work. 4. Different matters can be classified according to their properties. 5. The students of these two departments attend the same lectures. 6. The science that is concerned with the composition of bodies and with the changes of composition they undergo is chemistry. 7. It is a matter of common observation that discovery of the electron was the beginning of a new era in all the sciences. 8. Inorganic chemistry is concerned with mineral substances, organic chemistry deals with the compounds of carbon. 9. The experimental method involves some observations of phenomena which take place in nature. 10. Chemical reactions are accompanied by definite changes in energy.

Ex. 7 Перекладіть слова в дужках англійською

1. Chemistry is the science which (розглядає) with materials and their properties. 2. We think that the exhibition of our achievements (відбудеться) at the end of September. 3. This scientist (вніс великий внесок) both in chemistry and physics. 4. All his life he worked in the field of chemistry, and we can say that he (присвятив) his life to science. 5. All the changes which (супроводжували) this reaction play a very important role. 6. Later Lavoisier (увів) the concept of the chemical elements. 7. Though these two groups work under (однакові) conditions the results of their work are different. 8. This article (стосується) the development of our industry.