Unit 1

WHAT IS ECOLOGY

Text 1 Read and translate the text pay attention to the new words. Contextualize them.

Ecology is the science of how living things are related to their environment. Many people all over the world are concerned about the ecology today. The word “ecology ” came from the Greek which means “home”. This idea of “home” includes the whole planet of ours. We must protect our planet from littering, air pollution, water pollution, destruction of natural resources. The term “ecology” was introduced into scientific language by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel.

Pollution is a serious problem. Not only factories, big ships and cars pollute our planet. If we drop litter, we pollute. That’s how it begins. What happens when millions of people do the same thing? Most big cities pour their waste into seas and rivers. For a long time people did not realize the danger. Not only seas and oceans suffer from poisoning and pollution. Air is also polluted. Clouds of smoke from the chimneys release harmful substances into the air producing smog over the cities. Unhealthy environment is covered with soot and dirt, it’s hard to breath, animals perish . Big cities are exposed to air soiling and noise, surrounding lands are exhausted too. Frequent traffic jams occur during rush hours and a great number of cars, lorries and buses affect harmfully, releasing exhaust fumes.

Another very important problem is water pollution. Ugly rivers of dirty water are soiled with factory waste, poisoned by acids and so on. Such streams quickly become dead rivers with polluted fish.

Soil, certainly, is also being polluted. Lands near factories and plants are exhausted, there grow only stunted trees and plants, and gradually they become dead lands and lifeless areas.

All this if taken up together can result in a worldwide ecological catastrophe. People are obliged to take urgent measures immediately! Otherwise, consequences can be unpredictable and unreturnable. Or even the existence of life on our planet will be constantly endangered ..

People must cooperate in solving such questions. They ought to do such things as:

create international ecological organizations

avoid danger of tanker sinking and oil spilling into the sea

preserve the purity of air by the means of transferring plants and fabrics out of cities

introduce pollution control systems

reduce noise by the means of reducing of the number of automobiles

protect and increase the greenery, create green zones

widely use purifying systems for cleaning and trapping harmful substances

Mass Media very often play a vital role in attraction of people to ecological problems. Different ecological programs are broadcast on TV and radio. A broad public usually participates in TV programs.

I hope, that people won‘t wait until it‘s too late and do every possible thing to save our PLANET.

Active vocabulary

Environment—оточення, середовище

to be concerned about—турбуватися про щось

to litter—cмітити

to pollute—забруднювати

destruction—розорення, знищення

to pour—лити, розливати

to suffer from—страждати від

to release—випускати

soot—сажа

to perish—гинути, помирати

to be exposed—стикатися з чимось

to soil—бруднити

soil—земля, ґрунт

to exhaust—виснажувати

to affect—впливати, завдавати шкоди

exhaust fumes—вихлопні гази

ugly—бридкий, огидний

acid—кислота

stream—річка

stunted—низькорослий. чахлий

to endanger—ставити під загрозу, піддавати небезпеці

to spill—розливати

to preserve—зберігати

to introduce—запроваджувати

to trap—поглинати

to broadcast—поширювати

inspire—заронити надію

Speech practice

EXERCISE 1 Answer the following questions.

1. What is the definition of the term “ecology”?

2. What is the origin of the word “ecology”?

3. Who introduced this term into scientific language?

4. How can buses, cars, lorries, plants pollute air in most big cities?

5. Why do animals perish?

6. Why is water pollution a very important problem today?

7. Does soil suffer from pollution?

8. How can people protect the environmenr?

EXERCISE 2 Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1.Багато людей у всьому світі стурбовані проблемами забруднення навколишнього середовища. 2.Знищення природних ресурсів може спричинити велику шкоду. 4. Багато заводів виливають відходи в річки і моря. 4. В результаті виливу нафти у море загинуло багато птахів і тварин.5. Хмари диму з заводських труб випускають в повітря шкідливі речовини , які перетворюються на смог. 6. Наслідки екологічної катастрофи можуть бути непередбачуваними. 7. Люди повинні створити міжнародну екологічну організацію. 8. Навіть існування життя на нашій планеті може бути поставлене під загрозу. 9. Ґрунт також забруднюється. 10. Різні екологічні програми демонструють по телебаченню.

11. В наш час дуже часто відбуваються екологічні катастрофи.

EXERCISE 3 Fill the gaps in the sentences, using the words and phrases below:

Pollute, pour

1. Most big cities ____their waste into seas and rivers. 2. If we drop litter, we_____.

EXERCISE 3 Get ready to speak to the following topics.

1 What is ecology?

2. Air pollution.

3. Water pollution.

4. Soil pollution.

5. How to improve the situation?

TRANSLATOR’S FALSE FRIENDS

Words which are similar in form but different in meaning are called translator’s false friends.

"фальшивий друг" фальшивий переклад правильний переклад переклад фальшивої асоціації

activities активність діяльність activity

advocate адвокат прибічник, захисник attorney

actual актуальний фактичний topical

accurate охайний влучний neat, tidy

artist артист художник actor

aspirant аспірант претендент postgraduate

appellation апеляція назва appeal

partisan партизан захисник guerrilla

audience аудієнція глядачі hearing

focus фокус (трюк) увага trick

camera камера фотоапарат cell

colon колона двокрапка colomn

complexion комплекція колір обличчя physique

corpse корпус труп corps [ko:]

compositor композитор укладач в типографії composer

clay клей глина glue

criminal кримінал злочинець crime

stool стілець табурет tuffet

fable фабула байка plot

substantive субстантивний основний substantival

data дата дані date

decoration декорація знак відмінності, прикраса scenery

decade декада десятиріччя ten-day period

dynamic динамічний гнучкий, дієвий fast-moving

national administration нац. адміністрація нац. уряд authority

progress report доклад про прогрес доклад про хід работи -

subject суб’єкт питання, предмет person

fraction фракція дроб (матем.) faction

familiar фаміл’ярний відомий, знайомий hod-a-nob

bullion бульйон злиток beef-tea

balloon балон повітряна куля bottle, bulb

baton батон жезл, дубинка loaf

billet білет плашка; посада ticket, seat

mayor майор мер major

magazine магазин журнал store, shop

motorist моторист автолюбитель machinist, manipulator

motion моціон рух constitutional, walk

intelligence інтелігенція розум clerisy

depot депо склад house, station

Dutch датський голландський Danish

direction дирекція напрямок management, front offic

fabric фабрика тканина factory, works

concern концерн задача, інтерес trust, combine,

genial геніальний гостинний genius

obligation облігація зобов’язаність bond

principal принциповий основний principled

prospect проспект перспектива avenue

production продукція виробництво end-product

physician фізик врач-терапевт physicist

physique фізик будова тіла physicist

probe проба зонд test, trial, attempt

list лист список sheet, piece of paper

lunatic лунатик божевільний somnambulant

rapport рапорт добрі відносини

receipt рецепт квитанція recipe ['resipi]

replica репліка точна копія cue

troops трупи війська corpses

extra екстра додатковий super

Words which are more or less similar in form and in meaning are called international words

For example: constitution, revolution, accumulator, alpha, alphabet, ampere, atlas, atom, banjo, barbarism, benzol, billiards, bulldog, cafeteria, caravan, catastrophe, chaos, demagogue, dynamo, economic, electric, element, energy, film, kodak, legal, minimum, philosopher

EXERCISE 1 Study the following groups of words. Find the difference in the meaning in English and Ukrainian, as in the model.

Model: physique  фізик,

Physique –будова тіла

Фізик –physicist

actualактуальний, principalпринциповий, genialгеніальний, magazineмагазин, prospectпроспект, obligationоблігація, Dutch датський, motoristмоторист, concern концерн, lunaticлунатик, probeпроба, fabricфабрика, directionдирекція, billetбілет, balloon балон, compositorкомпозитор, double standardподвійний стандарт, batonбатон, intelligenceінтелігенція, familiarфаміл’ярний, decadeдекада, genialгеніальний, productionпродукція, mayorмайор, advocateадвокат, aspirantаспірант.

EXERCISE 2 Find international words in the text1.

EXERCISE 3 Find the meanings of the English international words and translate them.

1.There's a marked contrast between his character and hers. 2. I wish to speak to the manager. 3. Last year we had 3% inflation. 4. What’s your philosophy of life? 5 Is there anything interesting on television tonight? 6. Technological progress has been so rapid over the last few years. 7. I've always had an interest in astronomy. 8. Are you coming to the football match? 9. He was a student at the University of Chicago.10. I hate people talking while I'm watching a film. 11. Britain has no written constitution. 12 The French Revolution changed France from a monarchy to a republic. 13. He was a German, travelling on a Swiss passport. 14. In wealthy parts of the country, homes cost from £ 750 000 into the millions. 15. The train leaves at three minutes to eight, so we'd better get there a few minutes before then. 16. I’d like to visit the Natural History Museum. 17. He goes to the opera (= to see an opera) whenever he can. 18. During the Second World War, the British dropped a huge number of bombs on Dresden. 19. There's a little café on the corner that serves very good coffee. 20. We stayed in a hotel on the seafront. 21. We travelled to Argentina on a tourist visa. 22. I took a taxi from the station to the hotel. 23. Twenty-eight per cent of people asked thought that the advertising of tobacco and alcohol should be banned. 24. Toss the salad with a vinaigrette dressing. 25. Mother asked me to buy a tin of sardines. 26. I heard a good programme on the radio last night. 27. My parents took a lot of photographs of us when we were small. 28. It's one of those arts programmes late at night. 29. The acrobats formed a pyramid by standing on each other's shoulders. 30. We all joined in the song, with Pat at the piano/on piano.

EXERCISE 4 Translate the sentences with translator’s false friends.

1. We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number was much higher. 2. Her novel is an accurate reflection of life in post-war Spain. 3. Monet is one of my favourite artists. 4. He was an aspirant to the throne. 5. In 1988, about 220 000 American troops were stationed in Western Europe. 6. The ship is an exact replica of the original Golden Hind. 7. Make sure you are given a receipt for everything you buy. 8. We'd worked together for years and developed a close rapport. 9. He drives like a lunatic. 10. Is your name on the list? 11. He has a very powerful, muscular physique. 12. The company's new model will be going into production early next year. 13. Is there any prospect of the weather improving? 14. He was principal dancer at the Dance Theatre of Harlem. 15. If you have not signed a contract, you are under no obligation to pay them any money. 16 The teacher is very genial. 17. Concern for the safety of the two missing teenagers is growing. 18 He was going in the direction of the bedroom. 19. It's the intelligence of her writing that impresses me. 20. They showed the goal again in slow motion. 21. She has written articles for several women's magazines. 22. We tied balloons and streamers to the ceiling ready for the party. 23. The house looked strangely familiar, though she knew she'd never been there before. 24. She has made a series of documentaries on the subject of family relationships. 25. This place is badly in need of decoration. 26. Now the data is being transferred from magnetic tape to hard disk. 27. The media focus on politicians' private lives inevitably switches the attention away from the real issues. 28. Her latest book should appeal to a large audience.

Read the text and say what the main idea of this text is

The problems of environmental safety took their important place since the first days of Ukraine’s Independence. They are connected with the Chernobyl accident of 1986 and the lack of appropriate supervision for ecological situation in the country in the Soviet Union time.

In 1991 reorganization of the State Committee of the USSR on Ecology and Rational Use of Natural Resources into the Ministry for Environmental Protection of Ukraine was initiated, the Minister of which was Anatolij Shcherbak.

Beginning from February 2002, the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine is a legal successor of the Ministry for Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine, Committee of Ukraine on Geology and Mineral Resources Utilization, Committee of Ukraine on Hydrometeorology, State Administration of Ukraine on Nuclear Regulation, Department of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre of Ukraine, State Commission on Testing and Registration of the Means for Protection and Growth Regulators of Plant and Fertilizers.

Since September 2003 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine was rearranged into Ministry for Environmental Protection of Ukraine and State Committee for Natural Resources of Ukraine.

(From the official web-site of the Ministry for Environmental Protection of Ukraine)

Самостійна робота.

Text 1 . Read the article, translate it, write down all the unknown words for you, learn them and express the main idea of the article.

So many ecological problems, so little solutions

Current situation with our planet is more serious than ever before in our history. World is today facing a battle against variety of different ecological problems, and the worst thing is that we are still not prepared enough to win this battle. Why aren't we still prepared? Mostly because many think there is still enough time left to think of possible solutions. Modern world is really modern in lot of things but when it comes to ecology not much has changed in the last 300 years, ecology is still miles behind economy, and almighty dollar still rules the world.

Thing that frightens me the most is not really the fact that there are so many ecological problems, what really frightens me is the fact that all these problems are closely connected and that we cannot solve one by one. It's really all or nothing situation? Why is that? It is because humans are responsible for all these problems, we are really origin of all ecological problems. For instance many believe how climate change is the most serious ecological problem in history of humanity but in order to fight against climate change we also have to fight against deforestation and pollution because these two ecological problems influence final magnitute of climate change impact.

Increase in the average Earth's temperature and the upcoming climate change that goes with it have potential to cause previously unseen environmental disaster but yet many people think this is nothing more than a ghost story that isn't happening. The same goes with pollution. We are dumping waste into our rivers, sea, oceans; our air is more polluted than ever because of excessive CO2 emissions, and yet you still have the feeling like we don't care enough to change all of this. Take a look at alarming deforestation rate across many parts of the world or at ever-increasing number of endangered animals. This should really be more than enough to do something but somehow it isn't. Well at least not for politics that is.

Politicians are still far more worried about how to stop financial crisis, or how to keep the oil prices at reasonable level instead of protecting our planet. Yes they do talk a lot, promising quick and decisive action but once chips are down they stand still or in the best known political manner postpone decision for better times. They should have learned by know that there won't be better times unless we do something right now to ensure them. Talking won't get us out of this terrible environmental mess, what we really need is global action.

First big test is only couple of months away. Copenhagen, later this year will tell us answer to the question whether world has learned something from past mistakes. Is world finally ready to cut greenhouse gas emissions and agree new climate deal that would prevent further strengthening of climate change impact? Ecological problems have lately become so strong that only united world can fight against them, regional actions are not enough. If the world agrees new climate deal then this would finally mean that we have actually learned something from past mistakes. And most importantly that countries can put aside their differences when it comes to big ecological issues. And trust me climate change problem is the biggest ecological issue of all time. Why? Because it is connected with all other ecological problems giving them more dimensions and making them much more difficult.

This interconnection between ecological problems is making this challenge so big. They are all so closely connected that is really impossible to fight one by one and succeed. But how to fight all of them in the same time? That's a tough question. International climate deal could be good starting point, especially if it includes measures to not only fight against climate change but also against pollution, deforestation, and other ecological problems.

As you can see the big test is only couple of months away. Will we see a start of completely new ecological era or yet another big disappointment? Politics has given us many false hopes by now and another big disappointment would likely kill all our future hopes. But is politics aware of this? We'll soon see.

Unit 2

THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATIONIN UKRAINE

Text 1 Read and translate the text pay attention to the new words. Contextualize them

THE ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION

The high level of industrial and agricultural concentration and ecologically unjustified economic activities of the managerial structures of the former USSR are responsible for a rather complicated ecological situation that has taken shape in Ukraine. The most unfavourable is the Donetsk-Trans-Dnipro region where a lot of mining metallurgical and chemical enterprises are operating.

As a result of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster of 1986, the environmental situation has become much worse. Apropos of this Ukraine appealed to the UNO requesting help to overcome the disaster aftermath.

The Environmental Protection Law well in compliance with international standards in this field has been in force since 1991. Environmental safeguards of conservation bodies have become more stringent. Ecological monitoring has covered Ukraine's whole area and the Extraordinary Governmental Commission on the Problems of the Dnipro and Upgrading the Quality of Drinking Water has been set up. Ukraine has actively joined international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Agreements have been signed with conservation bodies of the USA, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia. Germany, and Latvia. The Ukrainian delegation took part in the UNO Conference on the Problems of Environment in Rio de Janeiro.

Ukraine enters a new phase of its history with intentions to create a democratically minded, law-based, independent society. Ukraine is looking for its place in European House, in the civilized world going to its aim unswervingly.

Vocabulary

Mining –гірничий

enterprise –підприємство

apropos of this –з цього приводу

appeal—звертатися

aftermath.—наслідки

in compliance with –відповідно до

conservation bodies—природоохоронні органи

unswervingly—неухильно

EXERCISE 1 Ask questions to the text.

EXERCISE 2 Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1.In the aftermath of that incident, he had to leave town. 2. Energy conservation reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment. 3. Many more people died in the aftermath of the explosion. 4. I appeal to you to let me alone. 5. Its poetical and romantic attractions appeal even to a person so little poetical as Hobbes 6. I had a letter from Sally yesterday - apropos (of) which, did you send her that article?

7. Apropos what you said yesterday, I think you made the right decision. 8. The Barker family had for many years been involved in mining, with for example, the Champions in their mines in Ireland. 9. The government was to issue vouchers to every citizen to enable them to buy shares in factories and enterprises.10 Apropos of nothing, he suddenly asked me if I liked cats! 11. The flower now exists only in a small conservation area in Essex. 12. They rode back to Queenstown in a silence made steamy by the aftermath of heavy rains.

EXERCISE 3. Answer the questions.

1. What are the reasons for rather complicated ecological situation that has taken shape in Ukraine?

2. What do you know about Chornobyl nuclear power plant disaster?

3. What countries have agreements with conversation bodies been signed with?

4. What measures in your opinion should be undertaken to overcome ecological situation that has taken shape in Ukraine?

5. What is the ecological situation in your town?

Read the text and say what the main idea of this text is

The main goals of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine are: implementation of the state policy in the field of nature protection, rational use of natural resources (land, minerals, surface and underground waters, free air, forests and other flora, fauna, marine environment and natural resources of territorial water, continental shelf and exclusive (marine) economic zone of Ukraine), ecological, nuclear and radioactive safety as well as hydrometeorological, topographical, geodesic and cartographic activities, arrangement of ecological preconditions for sustainable development of Ukraine;

Arrangement of complex management and regulation in the sphere of environmental protection, rational use and restoration of natural resources, ensuring of ecological, nuclear and radioactive safety as well as hydrometeorological, topographical, geodesic and cartographic activities;

Arrangement of appropriate functioning of the State Geological and Hydrometeorological Services and development of topographical, geodesic and cartographic activities;

Execution of state control over adherence to legislative demands on environmental protection, rational use of natural resources, ecological safety, hydrometeorological, topographical, geodesic and cartographic activities as well as state supervision of the situation of nuclear and radioactive safety.

(From the official web-site of the Ministry for Environmental Protection of Ukraine)

WORD-BUILDING

Конверсія.

master (хазяїн) - to master (керувати), house (дім) - to house (розміщувати), water (вода) - to water (поливати), empty (пустий) - to empty (спустошувати) white (білий) - to white (білити).

Словоскладання.

airfield - аеродром (air - повітря, field - поле), airbase - авіабаза (air - повітря, base - база), airman - авіатор (air - повітря, man - чоловік), schoolday - шкільний день (school - школа, day - день), birthplace - місце народження (birth народження -, place - місце). service dress - формений одяг, одяг для служби (service - служба, dress - сукня), shop window - вітрина (shop - магазин, window – вікно)

Зміна наголосу.

export (експорт) - to export (експортувати) present (подарунок) - to present (дарувати).