Laboratory work №1

Giving of the first pre-medical help for the victim

1 Purpose of work

To learn main principles of giving pre-medical help for losses of consciousness, traumas, thermal influences, poisonings and special kinds of traumas; to familiarize with rules of use of the device for artificial breath.

2 Key points

First aid – is a set of the simple, expedient actions directed on preservation of health of the victim. Firstly, if there is a need and an opportunity, it is necessary to take the victim out of the place of accident. Secondly, to examine the injured areas of a body, to estimate a condition of the victim, to stop a bleeding and to disinfect these areas. Then to fix fractures and to prevent a traumatic shock.

While giving the first pre-medical help it is necessary to be guided by such principles: correctness and expediency, speed, moderation, resoluteness, calmness.

The one who gives first aid, should know: the basic symptoms of infringements of the vital functions of an organism of the person, the general principles of giving of the pre-medical help and methods concerning the character of the injuries received by the victim.

The person who gives first aid, should be able: to estimate a condition of the victim and to determine what help, first of all, that demands; to provide artificial breath " from a mouth to a mouth " or " from a mouth to a nose ", external massage of heart and to estimate their efficiency; temporarily to stop a bleeding by imposing a tourniquet, a dense bandage, manual pressing of vessels; to bandage a trauma (wound, a burn, frostbites, blow); to immobilize the injured part of a body in case of a fracture of bones, heavy blow, thermal effect; to give the help for thermal and solar heat influence, drowning, poisonings, vomiting, losses of consciousness; to use improvised means for carrying, loading and transportations of the victim; to determine the necessity of tansporting of the victim in an ambulance or passing transport; to use the first-aid kit.

Sequence of giving of first aid: to remove influence on an organism of factors which threaten health and life of the victim (to free from action of an electric current, to take out from the infected zone, to extinguish burning clothes, to get out of water), to estimate a condition of the victim; to determine the character and seriousness of traumas which represent the greatest threat for life of the victim, and sequence of actions for his rescue; to take necessary measures concerning rescue of the victim by way of promptness (to provide passableness of respiratory ways, to carry out artificial breath, external massage of heart, to stop a bleeding, to fix a place of fracture, to make a bandage, etc.); to support vital basic functions of the victim till the arrival of the medical worker; to call for an ambulance or a doctor or to arrange for transportation of the victim to the nearest medical institution.

Only the doctor has the right to draw a conclusion on death of the victim. In places of constant watch of the medical personnel there should be first-aid kits and posters hung out in visible places with rules of giving the first aid, performance of artificial breath and external massage of the heart.

For the correct organization of the first medical service such measures should be carried out: at each enterprise, in shops, in branches - there should be persons responsible for an appropriate condition of devices and means for giving the help which are kept in first-aid sets and bags of first aid, and for their regular updating. The same persons are responsible for transfer of first-aid sets and bags for another shift with a mark in special magazine; the head of treatment-and-prophylactic institution which serves the given enterprise, should organize the strict annual control of application of rules of the first medical service, and also a condition and updating of first-aid sets and bags with the necessary devices and means for giving the first aid; If the help to the victim is given by not medical workers (not professionals), it should be strictly limited to the certain kinds (measures) of revival for "obvious" death, temporary stop of a bleeding, bandaging of wounds, a burn or frostbite, fixing of a fracture, transferring and transportation of the victim; the first-aid set, whether it is kept in a shop or in a bag of the first medical aid should contain medicines and the means listed in tab. 2.1

Table 2.1 – Medicines and means of giving of first aid

Medicines and medical means	The purpose of use	Quantity, pieces.
1	2	3
Individual aeceptic packages	Imposings of bandages	5
Bandage	_ » _	5
Cotton	_ » _	5 packs on 50 mg
Cotton-gauze bandage	Bandiging of fractures, stopping of a bleeding	31
Tourniquet, splint	Strengthenings of the broken and dislocated bones	3...4
1	2	3
Rubber bubble for ice	Coolings of the (injured) place owing to blows, twisting and fractures	1
Teaspoon	Making solutions	1
5 % iodine solution	Applying on skin near wounds and fresh scratches on skin	1 bottle (25 ml)
Liquid ammonia	Help to an unconscious victim a	1 bottle (From ml)
Solution of peroxide of hydrogen (3 %)	Stop of a nose bleeding	1 bottle (From ml)
Boric acid	Making a solution for washing eyes and skin, rinsing of mouth cavity at burns caused by alcali, for lotions on eyes at electric burns	1 package (25 g)
Soda	Making solutions for washing eyes and skin, rinsing of mouth cavity at burns caused by an acid	1 package (25 g)
Tincture valerian	Calm of nervous system	1 bottle (From ml)
Nitroglycerine	During a strong pain in the area of heart and behind a brest	1 tube
Notes: 1. Solutions of soda and a boric acid are meant only for workplaces where works with an acid and alcali are carried out. 2. In shops and laboratories where the possibility of a poisoning by gases and harmful substances is not excluded, the structure of the first-aid set can be accordingly added. 3.Splints, a rubber bubble for ice, a teaspoon, a boric acid and baking soda are included into the first aid kits . Other medicines are completed in quantities of 50 % specified in the list. 4. On an internal door of the first-aid set it is necessary to specify precisely, what medicines are used for those or other traumas (for example, during a bleeding from a nose - 3 %-ной a solution of peroxide of hydrogen, etc.).