Vocabulary

A

1. stagnation – застой, отсутствие или медленное развитие

2. succeeding fluctuations – следующие друг за другом колебания, изменения

3. a sequence of events – последовательность, цикл событий

4. predecessor – предшествующий элемент

5. to be accompanied by – сопровождаться чем-либо

6. securities – ценные бумаги

7. a depositor – вкладчик, депонент

8. aggregate economic activity – совокупная, общая экономическая деятельность

9. contraction – падение/сокращение деловой активности

10. trough – низшая точка цикла, дно экономического цикла

11. revival – оздоровлении, оживление экономики

12. to occur – происходить, случаться

13. a slump – резкий экономический спад

14. recurrent – периодически повторяющийся

15. retail sales – розничные продажи

16. greed will bid up the price of assets – страсть к наживе приведет к повышению цены на активы, фонды

17. to spur the economy into expansion – стимулировать рост, развитие экономики

18. to avoid – избегать, остерегаться

19. a bear market/ a bull market – рынок, характеризующийся тенденцией падения цен/ рынок, характеризующийся тенденцией роста цен

20. to curtail widespread bank failures – сокращать, уменьшать широко распространённые банкротства банков

B

1. preceding - предшествующий

2. to decline – убывать, снижаться, сокращаться

3. to originate in – брать начало, возникать, происходить

4. stock market crash - резкий обвал курсов ценных бумаг на (Нью-Йоркской) фондовой бирже

5. to spread to other countries – распространился на другие страны

6. to have a devastating effect – оказать разрушительный эффект, воздействие

7. tax revenue – государственный доход от налогов, налоговые поступления

8. international trade plunged by a half – международная торговля сократилась на половину

9. construction was virtually halted – строительство фактически было остановлено

10. a rural area – сельский район

11. approximately – приблизительно, примерно

12. plummeting demand – стремительно падающий спрос

13. cash cropping – выращивание товарных культур ( cash crop - сельскохозяйственная культура, производимая для продажи на рынке, например, кофе, табак)

14. to attribute to smth – относить за счет чего-либо, объяснять чем-либо

15. prosperity – период экономического процветания

16. to suffer severe losses – нести серьезные убытки

17. to cut back expenditures – сокращать, урезать расходы, траты

18. a drought – засуха

19. reluctance – нежелание

20. with the advent of World War II – с началом второй мировой войны

21. to accelerate recovery – ускорить выздоровление, экономическое оживление

Exercises

Exercise 1. Make each pair of sentences into a new conditional sentence, changing may to might, and changing the tense.

EXAMPLE Citizens are completely free. Factory-owners may make their employees too long each day.  If citizens were completely free, factory-owners might make their employees work too long each day.

1. There is no system of control. Landowners may build factories in unsuitable places.

2. They are completely free. Workers may work only when they need money badly.

3. They have all the money they need. They may not work.

4. The government want to improve the general conditions of work. They may make new laws.

5. Employees anticipate new and better working conditions. They may increase their productivity.

6. You regularly provide essential services. You may get more business.

7. They undertake to replace the old school with a new one. We may provide some of the money.

Exercise 2. Make these sentences passive, omitting the agent phrase.

EXAMPLE The government reduced private property to a minimum.  Private property was reduced to a minimum.

1. The government limited private enterprise to a small area in the economy.

2. They permit the citizens to have personal property.

3. The workers will produce only essential commodities.

4. That factory produced a large quantity of shoes last year.

5. You will charge more money for these services.

6. The central authority must plan the economy over a number of years.

7. The authorities provided large numbers of workers for the ten new factories.

8. The government reduced the quantity of shoes produced in that factory.

9. The state organized the whole economic effort of the nation.

10. The central authority has planned the whole economic programme for the next five years.

Exercise 3. Study this diagram about kinds of production and then answer the questions.

PRODUCTION

Primary industries Secondary industries Tertiary industries

Hunting Fishing Farming Mining etc.

Engineering Building Gas, electricity Weaving etc.

Intermediate Banking Trading Insurance Transport etc.

Final Teaching Medicine Defence Acting etc.

1. Which of these categories describes secondary industries? (a) selling things; (b) growing things; (c) making things.

2. Which of these categories relates to both primary and secondary industries? (a) providing goods; (b) providing services.

Exercise 4. Word-formation.