Научный стиль

Основными чертами заголовков англо-американских технических статей являются: особый стиль, яркая, броская форма, в которой они преподносятся читателю, и экспрессивность лексических и грамматических средств.

Для заголовков, как правило, характерна предельно сжатая форма изложения. В них могут быть опущены вспомогательные глаголы, глагол-сказуемое, союзы, артикли.

В современной английской и, главным образом, американской технической литературе можно встретить следующие виды заголовков:

1. заголовки в виде вопроса, которые, как правило, переводятся на русский язык повествовательным предложением.

What's  Coming   for   Light Weight   Clay   Blocks?   

Каковы  перспективы  развития    легких    керамических блоков

Why   Wash   Aggregates?   

Вопросы     промывки     заполнителей

2. заголовки в виде заявления или постановки вопроса

Exhibition Halls   Go   Underground   

Сооружение  подземных выставочных залов

We Give an    Old    Swimming Pool New Ideas   

Реконструкция старого плавательного бассейна

3. заголовки в виде восклицательного предложения, которые переводятся на русский язык восклицательными или повествовательными предложениями.

Here's   a  Simple   Way   to Interpret  Data!   

Найден простой способ расшифровки данных

Here's   How   to   Handle Rush-Hour   Traffic!   

Способ решения транспортной проблемы в часы пик

4. В заголовках технических статей можно встретить и заголовки типа:

Out   of   Sight   ...   out   of Mind   

Когда кабель уложен, снимаются  все заботы

Важным элементом композиционной структуры текста является заголовочный комплекс. Заглавие является именем текста, которое содержит в сжатой форме основную идею произведения.

Заглавие выполняет следующие функции:

1.номинативную (называет объект по одному из его признаков – теме)

2.оценочную (передает эксплицитную оценку текстовой информации)

3.делимитивную (отделяет один завершенный текст от другого)

4.прогнозирующую (формирует ожидания получателя)

5.рекламную и контактоустанавливающую (воздействует на будущего читателя с целью привлечь его, заинтересовать, в необходимости прочитать книгу).

Роль заглавия неодинакова в различных текстах и во многом зависит от функциональной направленности текста.

Практические задания

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Определите, какие слова опущены в следующих заголовочных комплексах. Сделайте их перевод:

Заголовок	Содержание статьи
Hewitt seeking suicide law change.	Former health secretary P. Hewwit is urging MPs to change the law to allow people to take terminally ill patients abroad for assisted suicide (эвтаназия)
Woman arrested in Saudi Arabia	Women are barred from driving in most of Saudi Arabia, with rural areas as being the exception.
Europe to be Obama’s first overseas trip	President Obama will take his first overseas trip since taking office at the end of this month.
«Romantic» trick tattoo to stay	A teenager had her boyfriend’s name tattooed on her stomach as a sign her undying love.
US to have “vigorous” Iran talks	S. Rice envoy said that
Army major awarded Military Cross	An 31-year-old Army officer from Gloucestershire has been awarded the Military Cross for bravery in Iraq.
Dick Cheney: Why So Chatty all of a Sudden?	The former Vice President D. Chenny has appeared on CBS program “Face to Face” .
Couple found in Belgium after vanishing from ferry.	The man and woman were reported missing by the ferry driver as they failed to show up at the French seaside.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Определите функции следующих заголовков. Сделайте их перевод.

1. Communicative types of sentences (from a textbook).

2. Chapter XX (from a book).

3. The real Problem with Credit Cards: the Cardholders (from a newspaper).

4. Fear and Loathing in Athens (from a newspaper).

5. GM incentives for retail buyer (from a newspaper).

6. Salt in their Wounds (from a newspaper).

7. Small Investments That Make a Big Role (from a newspaper).

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Определите виды лексических и грамматических приемов, использованных при переводе следующих заголовков.

Оригинал	Перевод
Europeans don’t eat enough fruit and veg	Европейцы потребляют недостаточно фруктов и овощей
Panama Canal expansion workers strike over pay	Забастовка рабочих остановила расширение Панамского канала.
Pakistan blocks US envoy visit: official	Пакистан отказался принять американского дипломата
Modernize?	Цели реконструкции
Exhibition Halls Go Underground	Реконструкция старого плавательного бассейна
Rain off the Roof!	Отвод дождевых вод с кровли
Ready, steady, go	На старт, внимание, марш!
Jewel thieves robbed of takings	Ограбление похитителей драгоценностей

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Ознакомьтесь с текстом. Выберите наиболее подходящий перевод заголовка.

Вариант 1: Стартовало турне Бритни Спирс, посвященное ее возвращению на сцену.

Вариант 2: Возвращение Бритни Спирс

Вариант 3: Бритни возвращается!

Вариант 4: Бритни Спирс: возвращение на сцену

Britney Kicks off Comeback Tour

Britney Spears has performed in New Orleans as she kicked off her first concert tour for five years.

The 27-year-old dressed as a ringmaster in the show which featured jugglers, acrobats and martial arts dancers.

She performed songs from her latest album, Circus, as well as some of her biggest hits.

The singer will perform in 31 cities across North America before heading to London in June for eight shows at the O2 arena.

Spears was met with wild applause as she first appeared descending from the ceiling on hoops suspended by wires.

(по материалам сайта www. film.com)

ЗАДАНИЕ 5.Ознакомитесь с текстами. Подберите заглавия в зависимости от стилистической направленности каждого текста.

Text 1

Following the threefold approach, a part of speech is defined as a class of words having a common referential meaning, common morphological properties (form) and common syntactic functions. Within the threefold classification modern grammar distinguishes at least eight parts of speech in English. They are: the noun, the verb, the adjective, the adverb, the pronoun, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection. However, there are some classes of words that cause controversies, among them pronouns, interjections, words of the category of state, articles, numerals, and some others too.

Text 2

The Hotel Riu Arecas is located in Tenerife (Spain), and is undoubtedly one of the best observation points for admiring the Atlantic Ocean. The hotel offers colonial style accompanied with the excellent RIU Hotels' quality and service to ensure you have as pleasant a stay as possible. 

No matter what kind of holiday you’re looking for, at the Hotel Riu Arecas you’ll find it. You can relax on the bar’s terrace while having a coffee or cold drink, sample the wide range of cuisine at the buffet restaurant, play sports such as tennis or simply enjoy the shows and live music. In the vicinity, you’ll have the opportunity to rent a bike or try out water sports. Golf lovers can enjoy a game at the various courses available, all of which offer different routes. 

(по материалам сайта www.riu.com)

Text 3

Cats have long been thought to be cleverer than dogs – and now it seems the same is true of their owners. People with cats are more likely to have university degrees than those with dogs, according to a scientific survey of pet ownership. The study also revealed that the combined cat and dog population of Britain is more than 20.8 million – 50 per cent higher than previously thought. Researchers at the University of Bristol say that the superior intelligence of cat owners is unlikely to be caused by their exposure to the famously cunning and selfish pets. Rather, more educated people tend to work longer hours and choose a pet to fit their lifestyles. Unlike dogs, cats require no walking and can manage with little human company.

Dr Jane Murray, Cats Protection Lecturer in Feline Epidemiology, who led the study, said: “We don’t think it is associated with income because that was one of the variables we looked at, and there was little difference. “Cats require less time per day than a dog, so they are more popular with educated people who work late and have long commutes.” Homes with degree-holders were 1.36 times more likely to have a cat than other households. The same homes were less likely to have a dog than households where no-one went to university. The study, published in the Veterinary Record journal, also found that cat owners were more likely to be older and female. Both cat and dog owners were more likely than the general population to live in households with gardens in rural areas.

(по материалам сайта www.englishtexts.ru)

Text 3

The story happened more than hundred years ago. The owner of a little country inn had a beautiful daughter whom he loved greatly. He also loved his big fighting-cock. One day the cock suddenly ran away and they could not find him. Tired of looking for him the old man told the people in the village that he was ready to allow the man who brought back the cock to marry his daughter.

In several days a young officer came to the village and gave the cock to his owner. The inn-keeper was so happy that he gave all the people in the inn drinks to toast the tail of the cock who had not lost a single feather. When the girl saw her future husband she by mistake mixed whisky, vermouth and ice. They all thought the drink was so wonderful and they decided to call it “cocktail”.