Контрольное задание № 4
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание №4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса грамматики английского языка:
1. Герундий. Формы и функции герундия в предложении.
2. Инфинитив. Формы и функции инфинитива в предложении.
3. Сложные инфинитивные обороты (The Complex Object, The Complex Subject, инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for).
4. Сослагательное наклонение.
5.Типы условных предложений и способы их перевода.
Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.
Образец выполнения контрольного задания №4
Образец выполнения 1 (к упр. 3)
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1. If I were free, I should help you with pleasure. |
Если я буду свободен, я помогу тебе с удовольствием. |
2 тип условного предложения (маловероятное предположение)
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2. If you had tested this material, you would have used it in your work. |
Если бы вы протестировали этот материал, вы бы использовали его в своей работе. |
3 тип условного предложения (нереальное предположение) |
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3. Unless a material is tested it is not used for building purposes. |
Если материал не проверен, его не используют в строительных целях. |
1 тип условного предложения (реальное предположение) |
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В а р и а н т № 1
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и инфинитива в различных функциях.
1) To use building materials that are not harmful to our health is the task of structural engineers.
2) One of the best ways of keeping the speed steady is using a computer for this purpose.
3) Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions with other cars.
4) The new city cannot survive without building a series of ring road.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что сложные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Newton is considered to be one of the greatest English scientists.
2) Designers expect dirigibles to be used for exploration of new territories.
3) Intensive research on optical-electronic computer is said to be going on in a number of US companies.
4) The students were waiting for the lecturer to describe the properties of a new composite material.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите типы условных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) A man can live without food for several days if he is provided with fresh water.
2) Unless the internal combustion engine had been invented, the automobile industry would not have begun to develop so rapidly all over the world.
3) Were the design of cars improved, the fuel consumption would be reduced.
4) The great technological advances of last century would not have been made if the right materials had not been available.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,3,4,5, абзацы.
THE ESSENTIAL TRIANGLE
1. Technological and industrial progress depends on the scientist, the engineer and the technologist — an essential triangle. Each makes major contribution to progress. The engineer depends upon the scientist for new knowledge and upon the technologist for specialized assistance in translating engineering plans into operating reality.
2. The pure scientist can make his contribution to progress through the investigation of the unknown. The interests of the research engineer are in the area of applied science and research. Scientists work in a world of generalizations and abstractions. The technologist, on the other hand, works in the real world of specific things and concrete objects. His problems are practical and they require practical solutions. He is more interested in how to do things. He must understand engineering tables and formulas and apply them in his work. The scientists, the research engineer, the technologist — all play an important role in the modern world.
3. The principal work of the engineer is design. He has to design products, machines and production systems. Like the research engineer, the engineer asks "why?" Like the technologist, he is also concerned with "how?”.
4. The engineer must combine many of the characteristics of the scientist, research engineer and technologist. He must have a basic knowledge of the sciences, and understanding of the abstract techniques of the research engineer and he should know much of the technology employed by technologists.
5. Perhaps the most important function of the engineer is to integrate the work of the essential triangle. His interest must be in combining the abstract-theoretical world and the technical-practical world.
V. Перепишите и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
1) What is the difference in activities of the research engineer and a technologist?
2) Why is the scientist one of the most important components in the essential triangle?
3) What characteristics must the engineer combine?
В а р и а н т № 2
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и инфинитива в различных функциях.
1) Signals to be measured must be strong enough.
2) The white line in the centre of the road is one of the most effective means of controlling traffic.
3) To build the power station on this river means to supply the surrounding villages with electrical energy.
4) On graduating from the University S.P. Korolev began working in the field of rocket design.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что сложные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Rudolf Diesel is known to be the inventor of the diesel engine.
2) It is for you to decide which of the two methods to use.
3) Engineers suppose a new «night vision» system to enable drivers to see better after dark.
4) Our present-day life seems to be quite impossible without telephone, radio and television.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите типы условных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) The conduction of electric current in gases would be easily predictable unless it depended on many conditions.
2) If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 100 K.
3) If you find the exact meaning of this word, you will understand the sentence.
4) It would have been impossible to send satellites into orbit unless Newton’s laws of motion had been studied.
IV. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите следующий текст.
SO WHAT IS ENGINEERING?
The engineering industry makes most of the things that are essential and useful: aerospace, cars, hospital equipment, telecommunications and even the humble kettle. Engineering also makes most of the things other industries need from cash dispensers and electronic mail for the banking industry to microphones and staging for the entertainment industry. In the production of everything from chocolates to the Channel Tunnel, the key individuals are the engineers. It's an industry that still contributes significantly to the wealth of the UK, the very diverse manufacturing industry sector alone generates around a third of the national wealth and employs approximately 32 percent of the working
In recent years, engineering has changed out of all recognition. The sheer speed of change in many manufacturing technologies is startling. Thanks to the introduction of computers and new technologies like Virtual Reality, people are more in control than ever. This also means the engineering employers are looking for people with a wider range of skills and personalities: from lone-theorists to more gregarious and practical individuals; from managers who can handle people, lead teams and solve problems, to creative designers with a keen sense of market realities. Engineering needs them all — women as well as men.
V. Перепишите и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
1) What kinds of things does engineering make?
2) How can engineering be used in banking industry?
3) What characteristics do employers follow while choosing specialists?
В а р и а н т № 3
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и инфинитива в различных функциях.
1) The function of a car computer is detecting and summing up the information about the road conditions.
2) Experiments helped Mendeleev to discover the properties of new chemical elements.
3) Driving a track in the city is difficult.
4) To detect objects at a distance such as ships, aircrafts, buildings, mountains, etc. is of great importance for navigation both at sea and in air.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что сложные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) The term «radar» is known to be composed of the first letters of words «radio, detection and ranging».
2) Making experiments with electric telegraph Morse noticed a pencil make a wavy line when connected to an electric wire.
3) A system of satellites is provided for people to watch the central TV program.
4) Faraday is believed to be a great English physicist.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите типы условных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) If the installation is put into operation in time, the economic effect will be greater.
2) If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.
3) Were drivers more attentive while driving, there would be less accidents on the road.
4) Unless there were electricity, we should have no radio, telephone, television or computers.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,3,4 абзацы.
THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS
1. Architecture is the art which makes buildings beautiful to look at as well as useful. A man who designs buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. He has to think not only of what he wants the building to look like when it is finished, but also what it is to be used for. He must not forget the sort of material to be used in the building. This may be stone, brick, wood or steel and concrete.
2. There have been many different styles or kinds of architecture in the past and there are many different styles today in different parts of the world.
3. The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are the colossal pyramids of Egypt most of which were constructed about 6,000 years ago.
4. The pyramids are large triangular buildings which were placed over the tombs of Egyptian kings. The best known of the pyramids are a group of three built at Giza south of Cairo. The largest of these is 482 feet high. They tell us of the advanced civilization of ancient Egypt which is much spoken about even in our days.
5. It was a country which had expert mathematicians and engineers, where astronomy and philosophy were known and studied.
6. The country was rich in hard and durable stone, but poor in timber and metal, so that the main material used for construction was granite, and this was the reason for the durability of the pyramids.
V. Перепишите и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
1) What are the main tasks of any architect?
2) What was the reason for the durability of pyramids?
3) What building materials was the country rich in?
В а р и а н т № 4
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и инфинитива в различных функциях.
1) Computers are widely used for controlling all kinds of processes.
2) To develop the supercomputer, highly developed electronics and new materials were required.
3) One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials.
4) On seeing a red light on a panel and on hearing a warning sound the driver should decrease the speed.
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что сложные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) We consider Tsiolkovsky to be the father of astronautics.
2) The laser is known to be a device producing an intensive beam of light by amplifying radiation.
3) Hundreds of radio navigation stations watch the airplanes find their destination and land safety.
4) Dirigibles are likely to be used for taking tourists to distant and beautiful places.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите типы условных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) Unless the temperature rises, the speed of the molecules will not increase.
2) If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.
3) If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiments would be more accurate.
4) Had we been present at the lecture, we should have understood the new solution of this problem.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,3,4,5 абзацы.
HISTORY OF TRANSPORT
1. Transportation takes us where we want to go, and brings us nearly everything we eat, wear, and use in daily life. Day and night, swift airliners speed passengers through the sky. Long trains roar across the countryside carrying passengers, mail, and such products as food, livestock, and coal. Automobiles, buses, and huge trucks rumble along the streets and highways. Ships steam across oceans and along lakes and rivers. Pipelines carry petroleum and natural gas across thousands of miles.
2. Developments in transportation have cut travel time greatly in the past 200 years. Modern transportation also makes it possible to travel in comfort. Today, tourists ride on paved roads over the same routes in automobiles and buses with wheels that have soft, air-filled tires. Many of today's trains have soft, reclining seats. Air conditioning may keep the air clean and cool, and dining cars serve tasty meals.
3. Transportation would not be possible without communication. It depends on communication just as communication depends on transportation. Automobiles and trucks could not travel on crowded streets and highways without street signs and traffic lights. Automatic block signals and other means of communication enable railroads to operate safely. Lighthouses, lightships, bell buoys, and radio compasses provide information for ships at sea. Airplanes could not land and take off safely without radio, radar, and other electronic communication devices.
4. How Transportation Affects Our Lives. Without transportation, our modern society could not exist. We would have no metals, no coal, and no oil. Nor would we have any products made from these materials.
5. Besides, we would have to spend most of our time raising food and the food would be limited to the kinds that could grow in the climate and soil of our own neighbourhoods.
V. Перепишите и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
1) What does transportation make possible?
2) What is the connection between transportation and communication?
3) Does transportation affects our life and how?
В а р и а н т № 5
I. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и инфинитива в различных функциях.
1) The idea of printing probably came to Europe from China.
2) The experiment to be made by this scientist will give us important information.
3) On studying for half an hour before an exam one should switch over to some other activity.
4) Detecting an object in front of a car in the dark is the purpose of the «night vision system».
II. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что сложные инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
1) Mobile phone appears to be the most universal means of communication.
2) Professor commented the scheme in detail for the students to thoroughly understand it.
3) A method for recording information on crystal by means of a laser is known to have been developed by a Russian researcher.
4) Scientists believe new laser devices to be widely used in medicine.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите типы условных предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) The speed of a satellite would be less provided it moved at a greater distance from the Earth.
2) If we look around, we can see that electricity is serving us in one way or another.
3) If firearms had not been invented, the secret of Damascus steel would not have been lost.
4) If there were no computers, space flights would be impossible.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст на русский язык. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2 и 4 абзацы.
CRYSTALS
1. Crystals are the most perfect creation of the inorganic world. They have long been attracting man’s attention. In recent years Russian scientists have studied hundreds of crystal structures, and on the basis of this, developed the theory of atomic structure of main minerals as well as of many other materials essential for our national economy. Russian scientists made an automatic instrument which together with an electronic computer has automated many operations in the structural analysis of crystals. This instrument is now used in many laboratories throughout the world.
2. The wide use of crystals explains the interest taken in them by physicists and chemists, mineralogists and biologists, metal experts and scientists in many other spheres. We know that crystal silicon batteries collect solar energy out of space to feed various devices in man-made satellites. The wavelength of every radio station in the world is established by means of quartz crystals. The vast sphere of semiconductors is based on the crystals of germanium, silicon and others. These crystals are installed in tiny transistors and computers which perform millions of operations a second.
3. Now the task facing physicists and crystallographers is not only to study the structure and properties of crystals but to create those required in technology. This is important since natural crystals are already becoming exhausted.
4. At present more than 1,000 artificial crystals are made in different parts of the world, these possessing properties unknown in nature. One of the latest achievements of Russian scientists was the production of artificial diamonds.
V. Перепишите и письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:
1) Who takes the interest in crystals?
2) What crystals are installed in tiny transistors and computers?
3) What is one of the latest achievements of Russian scientists?
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
1. Агабекян, И.П. Английский язык для технических вузов / И.П. Агабекян. – Ростов н/Д.: Феникс, 2007.
2. Куклина, И.П. Energy Is the Source of Life: Пособие по английскому языку для студентов / И.П. Куклина. – СПб.: КАРО, 2000.
3. Орловская И.В. Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и вузов / И.В. Орловская, Л.С. Семенова, А.И. Скубриева. – 11-е изд. – М.: Изд-во МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана, 2010.
4. Полякова, Т.Ю. Английский язык для инженеров: учебник / Т.Ю. Полякова [и др.]. – 7 изд., испр. – М.: Высшая школа, 2009.
5. Хведченя Л.В., Васючкова О.И., Елисеева Т.В. и др. «Английский язык для студентов заочной формы обучения»: Учеб. Пособие. – Мн.: Выш. шк., 1998.
6. Шляхова В.А., Любимова Т.Д. «Английский язык». Контрольные задания для студентов технических специальностей высших учебных заведений: Учеб.-метод. пособие. – М.: Высш. шк., 2000.
Учебное издание
Гайворонская Наталия Ивановна
Методические указания и контрольные задания
для студентов 2 курса заочной формы обучения подготовки бакалавров по направлениям: 270800, 190600, 220400, 140400
и специалистов по направлению 190109
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Губкинский институт (филиал)
Федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения
высшего профессионального образования
«Московский государственный открытый университет
имени В.С. Черномырдина»