14. Поставьте к тексту 14а 8 вопросов.

15. Перескажите текст 14a. 16.

Раздел 7: Защита окружающей среды

Тема 1: Проблемы экологии Земли

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD

1. Прочитайте текст “Environmental Problems of the World”. Подберите заголовок к каждому абзацу. Один заголовок лишний.

a) The effects of environmental problems

b) Man’s interaction with the environment

c) Ecosystems

d) Types of pollution

e) Living and nonliving features

2. Переведите текст, используя словарь.

Environmental Problems of the World

1) Today, the effects of environmental problems can be felt by all people in the form of natural disasters and shortages. The effects of flooding, dry seasons or extreme weather have left many families around the world without adequate food or proper living conditions. The human population’s impact on the natural environment has led to the destruction of ecosystems and created ecological problems.

2) Environmental aspects and quality of life indicate that environmental pollution is largely linked to the increasing use of energy, presently the climate changes due to heavy use of fossil fuel with emissions of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide become more and more a planetary problem and will influence in the future. Air pollution is one of the aspects of the environmental problem. Water pollution is another aspect of environmental problem. Water pollution includes any detrimental alteration of surface waters, under ground waters or the marine environment with a thermal or material pollution. Pollution is usually defines as “the process of making air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use, or the state of being dangerously dirty.” As people already know that nowadays, the world is facing a lot of environmental problems – such as air pollution, water pollution, or soil pollution.

3) The environment is composed of the external features both living and nonliving that can have an impact on an organism. The nonliving features, also known as abiotic factors include ocean currents, temperature, wind and rainfall. When the nonliving and living factors within the environment interact, an ecosystem is formed. Any small changes within the ecosystem can have untold consequences on the environment as well as the living organisms within it. All living organisms have changed their environment through their interaction; however, the largest changes have been brought about by man. In an effort to improve his life, man has sought more resources from the environment than any other creature. The desire to have better living conditions, security, and health as well better food and recreational facilities has had man taking from the environment more than what he puts back. The negative aspect of all these development is felt within the environment.

4) The problems brought about by man’s selfish interaction with the environment are diverse. The most common include pollution, global warming, and destruction of life giving ecosystems as well as reduction of the Ozone Layer. If not checked, scientists believe that these problems will escalate and their effects will directly affect the world’s population size. Most problems are caused heavy use of fuel by humans. Scientists now are more concerned and developing about the replacing and renewable energy; the energy that doesn’t or less caused of any harmful effects.

3. Определите, являются ли предложения истинными или ложными.

a) Natural disasters left a lot of people homeless.

b) Environmental pollution is largely linked to heavy use of fuel by humans.

c) All living organisms have changed their environment through their interaction.

d) The largest changes have been brought in the environment by animals.

e) Scientists now are more concerned and developing about the replacing and renewable energy.

4. Соедините пары.

diverse вредное изменение

interact материал

destruction наводнение

effort топливо

soil pollution усилие

flood сокращение

reduction места отдыха

detrimental alteration взаимодействовать

recreational facilities бедствие

thermal глобальное потепление

disaster загрязнение почвы

material вредный

fuel разрушение

dangerous тепловой

global warming поток

current разнообразный

harmful опасный

5. Дополните предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:

environment, the Ozone Layer, The nonliving, Water pollution, soil pollution,

a) The world is facing a lot of environmental problems – such as air pollution, water pollution, or _____.

b) The human population’s impact on the natural ____ has led to the destruction of ecosystems and created ecological problems.

c) _____ includes any detrimental alteration of surface waters, under ground waters or the marine environment with a thermal or material pollution.

d) _____ features, also known as abiotic factors include ocean currents, temperature, wind and rainfall.

e) The problems brought about by man’s selfish interaction with the environment include pollution, global warming, and destruction of life giving ecosystems as well as reduction of _____.

7.Тема 2: Изменение климата

CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Прочитайте текст “Climate change”. Подберите заголовок к каждому абзацу. Один заголовок лишний.

a) Population growth

b) Consequences of increase in temperature

c) How to stop climate changes

d) Global warming

e) Statistics of last years

f) The reasons forcing people to live in dangerous conditions

2. Переведите текст, используя словарь.

Climate Change

1) Climate change, sometimes called "global warming", is the most serious and most complex environmental issue ever to confront the international community. The Earth's climate is changing and extreme weather events — droughts, floods, and storms — are becoming more frequent. Scientists believe that higher global temperatures will lead to a greater number of extreme weather events. The climate has changed before, but gradually, long enough for most plants and animals to adjust through evolution or migration. Yet there is still much debate about the issues of the climate change and the threat it poses to the world.

2) All over the world last years set numerous local and regional records for windstorms, rain intensities, floods, droughts, and temperatures. Economic losses from weather disasters worldwide increased. Weather disasters also took a significant human toll. A lot of people died in storms, floods, droughts, heat waves, or extreme cold. Many who survived faced the threat of diseases, including cholera, dysentery, malaria, and yellow fever. The frequency of severe weather events is clearly on the rise. Worldwide, the number of big weather catastrophes has quadrupled since the 1960s. Environmental disasters — including severe weather—are to blame for millions of environmental refugees all over the world.

3) These economic and human costs have multiplied over the years due to not only the surge in extreme weather events but also rising global population and increasing concentrations of people and wealth in vulnerable regions. Human activities such as clear-cutting of upstream slopes have increased the impacts as well. In many cases, efforts to prevent or lessen disaster, such as construction of dikes, dams, and avalanche barriers, have drawn people to coastal areas, riversides, and hillside locations, giving them a false sense of safety.

4) Scientists believe that rising global temperatures may increase the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events even more. Even slight temperature increases can shift low-pressure systems from their usual paths, causing sudden und significant increases in the frequency of heavy rainfall in a particular area. Small increases in event severity can lead to multiple increases in damage and costs — for example, a 10-percent increase in wind speed can increase damage by 150 per cent. Thus climate change is expected to aggravate the upward trends of economic and human costs.

5) While the burden of climate-related disasters falls most heavily on developing nations least able to adapt, the burden of responsibility lies with the industrial nations that have contributed the bulk of carbon emissions through fossil fuel burning. Two powerful global forces — growing environmental degradation and high levels of poverty make poor people living in precarious conditions the most vulnerable to storms and floods. The situation is made worse by deforestation, soil erosion, and climate change.

From Комарова, Окс, Бадмаева

3. Определите, являются ли предложения истинными или ложными.

a) Earth's climate is changing and extreme weather events are becoming less frequent.

b) Economic losses from weather disasters worldwide decreased.

c) Environmental disasters are to blame for millions of environmental refugees all over the world.

d) Climate change is expected to aggravate the upward trends of economic and human costs.

e) Two powerful global forces — growing environmental degradation and high levels of poverty make poor people living in precarious conditions.

4. Соедините пары.

disaster плотина

damage болезни

drought перемещение, миграция

dike температура

storm бедствие

avalanche barriers наводнение

diseases сомнительные условия

global warming глобальное потепление

dam бедность

threat бремя

temperature засуха

concentration of people эрозия почвы

flood сила

burden повреждение

force вырубка леса

migration лавинные барьеры

poverty дамба

deforestation концентрация людей

precarious conditions угроза

soil erosion шторм

precipitations осадки

5. Дополните предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:

human health, water, environment, human activities

a) Climate change has potential long-term effects on the living _____.

b) Climate change threatens the basic elements of life for people around the world – access to _____, food production, and use of land and the environment.

c) According to medical studies climate change will affect _____ ____.

d) Climate change might result from natural factors and processes or from _____ _____.