The History.

The history of development of computer science and computer equipment starts many centuries ago. As soon as man has learned to count, at once he wanted to do it faster and more correctly with special methods and tools.

However, for the first time concept of an analytical Machine has appeared only in first half of XIX century. The English mathematician Charles Babbage has offered to construct the computer with punched cards for the programs.

But the creation of the computer was not possible, because it was too difficult for engineering of that time. The first computers were created on the basis of electromagnetic relays in the 40-th years of XX century.

However, these computers worked slowly and not reliably.

In 1945 in USA the computer was created on the basis of electron tubes. It worked fast and reliably. But the input of the easy program to it took some days. Because it was need to connect many wares with each other.

Then famous mathematician Jon von Neumann in 1945 has formulated main principles of a computer work, which are used even today.

Principles of the computer work by von Neumann:

Each computer should contain the following devices:

1. Arithmetic-logic unit.

2. Control unit.

3. Storage device (memory).

4. Peripherals for input-output of the information.

All computer memory should consist of the numbered cells, which are accessible to any device of the computer.

In the beginning the peripheral loads the program and data into the memory.

The control unit reads commands from memory and fulfils them. If it is necessary, control unit can refer data for fulfil the arithmetic and logical operations into the ALU. The result of fulfil is located in memory or is output to the peripheral.

After that the control unit executes the next command from memory. The computer is working until the all commands will be fulfilled or the peripheral will give the stop command.

In 1949 the Englishman Wilks has created the first computer on a von Neumann's principle.

Even from these principles it is clear, that the power of the computer can be increased with 3 main factors:

1. The time of the execution 1 command, which depends on clock rate (frequency) of the computer.

2. Size of the RAM, which limits a size of the program and given executable to the computer.

3. Optimization of the control unit work.

The progress in all three these directions have allowed to provide huge growth of productivity of modern computers.

In further development of computers was depended on development of electronic technologies first of all.

The computer of Wilks occupied some huge halls and floors.

Such computers costed many millions dollars.

With appearance of transistors the computers of steel more reliable and are less on a size and cheaper. In 1965 the Digital Equipment corporation has built the computer by a size about a small refrigerator, which costed about 20 000 dollars.

In 1968 the first computer on integrated circuits (chips) was created. In it the whole transistor assembly and the units were fulfilled on the one silicon crystal.

In 1970 the Intel corporation has issued the first microprocessor (Intel-4004), which was looked like a small chip and had power of the processor block of a mainframe computer.

In 1973 the more powerful processor Intel-8008 has appeared.

And in 1974 the legendary processor Intel-8080 has appeared which long time was the standard for the computer industry.