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Unit 1

PERSONAL COMPUTING

Tsak 1

Based on your knowledge of PCs fill in the gaps. To help

you, the first letter of each missing word is given.

INTERVIEWER: Do you own a PC?

ENRIQUE: Yes, I have an Apple Macintosh.

INTERVIEWER: Why did you c.......... a Mac as opposed to an

IBM or an IBM c......... .

ENRIQUE: I think Macs are e........ to use than IBM PCs. I

use the m....... feature a lot, which is s.........

on all Macs. Then there`s the graphical user inter-

face and the windows.

INTERVIEWER: Graphical user interface? Could you explain

that?

ENRIQUE: Well, put simply, it means that you click on

i........ instead of typing in c......... .

INTERVIEWER: I see. You mentioned windows. Doesn`t IBM also

use windows ?

ENRIQUE: Yes, but I think their windows are harder to

s....... u........ . In any case, I`m u.........

t......... the Mac.

Now listen again to the interview and check your answers.

Task 2

Before reading the text below, match each word with the cor-

rect definition:

1 mainframe a the set of software that controls a

computer system

2 mouse b a very small piece of silicon carrying a

complex electrical circuit

3 icon c a big computer system used for large-

scale operations

4 operating system d the physical portion of a computer system

5 software e a device moved by hand to indicate posi-

tion on the screen

- 2 -

6 hardware f a visual symbol used a menu instead of na-

tural language

7 microchip g data, programs, etc., not forming part of

a computer, but used when operating it.

Task 3

Now read the text and decide on a suitable title for it.

In 1952, a major computing company took a decision to get

out of the business of making mainframe computers. They believed

that there was only a market for four mainframes in the whole

world. That company was IBM. The following year they reversed

their decision.

In 1980, IBM decided that there was a market for 250,000

PCs, so they set up a special team to develop the first IBM PC.

It went on sale in 1981 and set a world-wide standard for

IBM-compatibility which, over the next ten years, was only seri-

ously challenged by one other company, Apple Computers. Since

then, over seventy million PCs made by IBM and other manufactures

have been sold. Over this period, PCs have become commodity

items. Since IBM made the design non-proprietary, anyone can make

then.

The history of the multi-billion dollar PC industry has been

one of mistakes. Xerox Corporation funded the initial research on

personal computers in their Palo Alto laboratory in California.

However, the conpany failed to capitalize on this work, and the

ideas that they put together went into the operating system deve-

loped for Apple`s computers. This was a graphical interface:

using a mouse, the user clicks on icons which represent the func-

tion to be performed.

The first IBM PC was developed using existing available

electrical components. With IBM`s badge on the box it became the

standard machine for large corporations to purchase. When IBM we-

re looking for an operating system, they went initially to Digi-

tal Research, who were market leaders in command-based operating

systems (there are operating systems in which the users type in

commands to perform a function). When the collaboration between

IBM and Digital Research faild, IBM turned to Bill Gates, then 26

- 3 -

years old, to write their operating system.

Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development

of MS/DOS, the initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital

Research have continued to develop their operating system,

DR/DOS, and it is considered by many people to be a better pro-

duct than Microsoft`s. However, without an endorsement from IBM,

it has become a minor player in the market. Novell, the leaders

in PC networking, now own Digital Research, so things may change.

The original IBM PC had a minimum of 16K of memory, but this

could be upgraded to 512K if necessary, and ran with a processor

speed of 4.77MHz. Ten years later, in 1991, IBM were making PCs

with 16Mb of memory, expandable to 64Mb, running with a processor

speed of 33MHz. The cost of buying the hardware has come down

considerably as the machines have become commodity items. Large

companies are considering running major applications on PCs, so-

mething which, ten years ago, no one would have believed possible

of a PC. In contrast, many computers in people`s homes are just

used to play computer games.

The widespread availability of computers has in all probabi-

lity changed the world for ever. The microchip technology which

made the PC possible has put chips not only into computers, but

also into washing-machines and cars. Some books may never by pub-

lished in paper form, but may only be made available as part of

public databases. Networks of computers are already being used to

make information available on a world-wide scale.

Task 4

Answer these questions about the text.

1. How many mainframes did IBM think it was possible to sell in

1952 ?

2. How many PCs have now been sold ?

3. Who paid for the initial research into PCs ?

4. Which company later used the results of this research to deve-

lop their operating system ?

5. What are command-based operating system ?

6. DR/DOS is an acronym. What does it stand for ?

7. Since the invention of the IBM PC, many of its features have

been improved. Which of the following features does the text

- 4 -

not mention in this respect ?

a memory

b speed

c size

d cost

8. Give three examples from the text of how the availability of

computers has `in all probability changed the world for ever`.

Task 5

Look back in the text and find words that have a similar me-

aning to:

1. international

2. contested

3. errors

4. paid for

5. buy

6. first

7. recommendation

8. improved

Writing

Task 6

Translate the sixth paragraph (starting `The original IBM

PC...` into your own language. Look carefully at the tenses

before you start.

Task 7

The article states that `many computers in people`s homes

are just used to play computer games`.

Discuss the following questions:

1. In what other ways are computers used at home, or outside work?

2. If you already have a PC, how do you use it? (If not, how

would you use one?)

Task 8

Read this passage about the structure of the processor and

fill in the gaps using the words below.

- 5 -

The processor consists of a .........., which is a circuit

board on which are mounted ......... chips, memory chips, and ot-

her components linked together by .......... lines or channels in

the form of control, address, and data ......... . In addition, a

processor has ......... , which are electronic circuits providing

specialized functions such as graphics or which connect a system

board to ........ . The system board also consists of electronic

devices, such as an electronic ........ for controlling the speed

of operation; .........., which store numeric data during the co-

urse of processing; and various ........, including sequence

control register, address register, and function register.

adaptor registers microprocessor

clock conductive buses

system board accumulators input or output devices

Task 9

Use the information in the reading passage and the diagram

to help you match the terms below with the appropriate exp-

lanation or definition.

A processor consists of many different electronic circuits

and devices for performing control functions, arithmetic and lo-

gic operations, and data transfers. Data may be transferred from

backing storage to the internal memory or from the internal memo-

ry to the arithmetic unit be means of conductive channels known

as buses. The part of the processor which controls data transfers

between the various input and output devices is called the cont-

rol unit.

ЪДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДї

іMicroproі і і

cessor

chip

іЪДДДДДДїі ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї і і ЪДДДДї

іі іГДіControl bus ГДДДДі і і і

іАДДДДДДЩі АДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДЩ і ЪДДДіДДДДДґ і

іЪДДДДДДїі ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДЕДДї і і і і і

іі іГДіAddress bus і і ГДДДДГДґ і АДДДДЩ

іАДДДДДДЩі АДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДЕДДДДДДДЕДЕДДЩ і і і ЪДДДДї

іЪДДДДДДїі ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДЕДДДДДДДЕДЕДДї і і і і і

- 6 -

іі іГДіData bus і і і і ГДДДДі АДДДіДДДДДґ і

іАДДДДДДЩі АДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДЕДЕДДДДДЕДЕДЕДДЩ і і і і

і і ЪДДДДДДДї ЪДБДБДБї ЪДБДБДБї і і ДДДДАДДДДЩ

і і іClock і іRendomі і і і і

і і АДДДДДДДЩ АДДДДДДЩ АДДДДДДЩ і і

АДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДЩ

1 microprocessor chip a used to send address details between

the memory and the address register

2 registers b consists of an arithmetic-logic unit,

one or more working registers to store

data being processed, and accumulators

for storing the results of calculations

3 accumulators c a group of signal lines used to trans-

mit data in parallel from one element

of a computer to another

4 control bus d groups of bistable devices used to sto-

re information in a computer system

for high-speed access

5 address bus e an electronic circuit, usually a qu-

artz crystal, that generates electro-

nic pulses at fixed time intervals to

control the timing of all operations in

the processor

6 data bus f used for storing part of the operating

system and application software known

as `firmware`; can only be read; can-

not be written to or altered in any way

7 clock g used to store numeric data during proces-

sing

8 RAM h a group of signal lines dedicated to the

passing of control signals

9 ROM i used for the temporary storage of appli-

cation programs and data; can be writ-

ten to and read from

Quiz

Unit 1 (Personal Computing)

- 7 -

1. What do you call a conductive line such as a data bus ?

2. A visual symbol used in a menu to represent a file or a prog-

ram is called ........ .

3. What is the name given to system software that is held in ROM?

4. What is a large store of computerized data?

5. The ......... system was first used commercially on the Apple

Macintosh computer, but non is widely used on IBM machines.

6. What is a signal route sending information about locations

within a computer?

7. What do you call a register containg the results of an opera-

tion performed by the arithmetic-logic unit?

8. A unit containing 1,048, 576 bytes is called ......... .

9. What is the common name for a device with one or more buttons

used to point at locations on a computer screen?

10. What term is used for the physical potion of a computer sys-

tem?

Unit 2

COMPUTER ACCESS

Task 1

Try to answer these questions.

1. What is a cursor?

2. How can computer access be limited to certain people only?

When you have decided on answers, read the text quickly to

find out if you are right.

When a microcomputer is switched on, a signin-on message ap-

pears on the monitor screen. This gives information about the

computer system e.g. the make of computer, the amount of usable

memory, the name of the computer language in use.

A prompt and a cursor will also be displayed. The prompt

consists of one or more words or symbols e.g. READY, OK, ?, >. It

indicates that the computer is ready to accept input from the ke-

yboard. The cursor usually takes the form of a square or a flas-

hing line i.e. or . It indicates where the next input will be

- 8 -

displayed. As each input appears on the screen, the cursor moves

to a new position.

ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї

і Menu і

і PRIZE COMPUTER 1281 і

і PEACH O.S. 2.4 і

і BASIC і

і і

і Input your choice (1-3)і

АДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЩ

Although, the input from the keyboard is displayed on the

screen and can be edited i.e. checked and corrected, it is not

processed or stored in the main memory until the RETURN key is

pressed. The RETURN key therefore has to be pressed at the end of

each input.

If the use of the computer system, or part of it, is limited

to certain people, a secret password may have to be input. The

password is not normally displayed on the screen when it is keyed

in. This prevents unauthorised people from reading it.

If more than one language is available on the computer, the

name of the required language has to be input. The computer will

respond with a prompt and then only accept input in the chosen

language. The language BASIC is found on most microcomputers.

Task 2

Work in pairs, A and B. If working alone, do both parts.

Student A Student B

Read the text to find out Read the text to find out

how toя1 log inя0 a mainframe how toя1 log outя0 a mainframe

terminal. Read only those terminal. Read only those

parts of the text which parts of the text which

will help you. will help you.

Now explain your findings to your partner.

Accessing a network or a multi-user system is slightly more

complex. In this case, a loggin procedure must be followed. This

allows the computer to keep a log (or record) of when the termi-

- 9 -

nal enters and leaves the system and how long it uses the CPU.

The use of a mainframe CPU for processing is very expensive and

the log provides a means of calculating the cost. Most of the ti-

me, however, is spent inputting and outputting data and this is

not so expensive.

To enter the system the terminal must be logged in. A typi-

cal loggin in procedure is as follows:

1. Switch on the terminal.

An arrow prompt will appear on the screen.

2. Type LOGIN and press RETURN.

The computer will display a prompt asking for an identifi-

cation number.

3. Input your identification number.

A prompt will now be displayed asking for a password.

4. Input the correct password.

If the correct combination of identification number and

password has been input, the computer will display a prompt

indicating that the terminal now has access to the system.

5. Key in the name of the required language and press RETURN.

A prompt will be displayed giving the name and version num-

ber of the chosen language.

When the user has finished using a terminal it must be log-

ged out. A typical logging out procedure is as follows:

1. Input a command to bring you out of the language you are using

e.g. QUIT will bring you out of the language BASIC.

The computer will respond with a prompt e.g. ER!

2. Type LOGOUT and press RETURN.

A prompt will be displayed on the screen indicating that

the terminal no longer has access to the system. It will

also give the date and time of logging out and the amount

of time the CPU has been used.

3. Switch off the terminal.

Logging out frees the terminal for other people to use and

prevents them from accessing your programs and data. The

cost of using the CPU is charged to you until your terminal

is logged out. However, after a fixed time delay, the com-

puter will usually log out an unused terminal automatically.

- 10 -

Study these instructions for logging in and out of a com-

puter system.

1 Switch on the terminal.

2 Type LOGIN and press RETURN.

3 Input your identification number.

4 Input the correct password.

5 Select a language.

6 Type QUIT and press RETURN

7 Type LOGOT and press RETURN.

8 Switch of the terminal.

We can change each instruction to make a description like

this:

INSTRUCTION: Switch on the terminal.

INSTRUCTION: The terminal is switch on.

Task 3

Change the other instructions given above into descriptions.

Be careful with the irregular verb `input`. Its form does

not change.

Task 4

Study this list of BASIC commands. Try to guess what these

commands are used for:

SAVE

LOAD

RUN

LIST

Now read the text. Write the name of each command in the

correct space in this table

ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї

і Command і і

ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ

і 1 і Copies a program from a storage medium to the і

і і main memory. і

- 11 -

ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ

і 2 і List a program, line by line, on the VDU screenі

ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ

і 3 і Start the execution of the program in the і

і і main memory. і

ГДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЕДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДґ

і 4 і Copies a program from the main memory to a і

і і storage medium. і

АДДДДДДДДДДДДДДБДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДЩ

Task 5

Initials (the first letters of words) and abbreviations

(short forms of words) are often used in computing.

You should know the meaning of these examples from this and

earlier units. Write down their meaning.

1 CPU

2 VDU

3 PC

4 mini

5 micro

6 Id.

Check your answers using Glossary.

Task 6

Use Glowssary to find out the meaning of the following ini-

tials and abbreviations.

1 OCR

2 ASCII

3 LAN

4 NLQ

5 CAD

Task 7

We can link an action and its result using when

For example,

When the terminal is switched on, an arrow prompt appears on the

- 12 -

screen.

Note the comma (,) between each action and its result.

We can put actions in sequence using these words:

First then after that next finally

For example,

First the terminal is switched on. The LOGIN is typed and RETURN

is pressed.

Now complete the blanks in this paragraph.

LOGGIN IN

Before using a mainframe computer terminal, the user must

hed on, ................. . Next LOGIN is typed .................

When this is done, ............... . Then you identification num-

ber is input. When this is input ............................... .

After that, the correct password is input. .....................,

the computer indicates that the terminal has access to the sys-

tem. Finally, a language is selected. When this is done,

.......................... .

UNIT 3

INPUT DEVICES

Task 1

Try to answer these questions.

1. What is the difference between a device being online and a de-

vice being offline?

2. What is a key station?

Now read the text quickly to check your answers or to find

the right answers. Try to ignore information which does not help

you.

Inputting large amounts of data using a keyboard may take up

a lot of computer time if the keyboard is online i.e. connected

- 13 -

to and controlled by the CPU. For this reason, data is often pre-

pared on an offline keyboard device i.e. one which is not connec-

ted to or controlled by the computer.

In the past, a keypunch was used with mainframe computer

systems. This device caused the input from a keyboard to be punc-

hed, as a series of holes, onto pieces of thin cardboard called

punched cards.

The punched cards were later fed through an online input de-

vice called a card reader which read the data from the holes and

transferred it to the main memory of the computer.

However, punched cards have been replaced by much faster

key-to-disc and key-to-tape systems. These use offline key stati-

ons which transfer data, keyed in on a key board, to magnetic

discs or magnetic tape. The data can later be transfered from the

discs or tape to the main memory of the computer at high speed.

Magnetic media such as discs or tape provide a much more compact

means of storing data than punchcards.

Task 2

Work in pairs, A and B. If working alone, do both parts.

Student A Student B

Read these section of Text Read these sections of Text

the below and try to match the below and try to match

each input device describe each input device describe

with one of the illustration with one of the illustration

in Fig.4.2 in Fig. 4.2

1. keypads and touchpads 1. cursor control devices

2. other input devices 2. drawing devices

Although the keyboard is the most commonly used input devi-

ce, many other more specialised input devices can be connected to

the computer. However, most of them can only be used with prog-

rams specially written to suit them.

These specialised input devices can be divided into diffe-

rent types as follows:

- 14 -

Keypads and touchpads

A numeric keypad is a small keyboard with keys arranged like

a calculator, allowing a lot of numerical data and calculations

to be input easily. On some computers the keypad is part of the

main keyboard, to the right of the alphanumeric keys.

A touchpad has pictures or symbols which only have to be to-

uched to input information. This is particularly useful for peop-

le who find the keyboard difficult to use e.g. young children. It

is also useful in situations where only simple input is required.

Cursor control devices

Some input devices are used to move the cursor around the

screen. These include mice, thackerballs and joysticks.

A mouse is a small box with a ball underneath. When it is

rolled in any direction across the surface of a desl, the cursor

moves across the VDU screen in the same direction. In this way

the mouse can be used to point the cursor at special symbols on

the screen. These special symbols are known as icons. They repre-

sent the processes that can be carried out by the program. By po-

int the cursor at the required icon and pressing a button on the

mouse, the process is put into operation. Mice and icon programs

are often used by businessmen, allowing them to control the com-

puter easily while sitting at an office desk.

A trackerball is similar to a mouse but this devices has the

ball on top. To move the cursor on the screen, the user rotates

the ball using his fingers.

To operate a joystick, the user grips and moves a vertical

lever. The movement of the lever causes the cursor to move around

the screen. Pressing a button on the joystick puts the required

process into operation. Cursor movements can be made very quickly

using this device, therefore it is often used for playing fast

- 15 -

action games.

Drawing devices

Input devices used for CAD (Computer-Aided Desigh) include

lightpens and graphics tablets.

A lightpen is similar in shape to an ordinary pen. It is

held against the VDU screen and works by sending signals to the

computer when it senses the light given off by the screen.This

enables the computer to calculate the lightpen`s position. As it

is moved, lines are displayed on the screen. The special program

used with the lightpen allows the lines to be increased or decre-

ased in size or moved to different positions. In this way, it can

be used to `draw` directly on the screen.

A graphics tablet has a flat board (or tablet) across which

a pen is moved. By using the reflection of light, ultrasound, or

other methods, the graphics tablet can measure the distance of

the pen from the sides of the tablet and therefore calculate its

position. As the pen is moved across the tablet, lines are disp-

layed on the monitor screen. Detailed drawings can be copied by

placing them on the tablet and tracing over them with the pen.

Other input devices

A voice recognition device allows the user to input data by

speaking into a microphone. The computer compares the input with

the sound patterns of words stored in the memory. To reduce the

amount of memory required, the vocabulary used with these devices

Is limited to a few words. However, the large amount of memory

needed to analyse the input makes it difficult to use these devi-

ces with small microcomputers.

Measuring devices connected to a computer allow scientists

to monitor processes by maling frequent measurements and analy-

sing the results. The measurements are usually of analogue sig-

nals i.e. signals which vary in continuous manner. Before they

- 16 -

are fed into the computer, they must vary in steps. This is done

by a component known as an ADC (Analogue to Digital Converter).

Task 3

Now complete the Table below together. Write the definitions

for each device in column B. Take them from Glossary.

ЪДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДВДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДДї

і A і B і

і device і definition і