Упражнения и контрольные задания к учебнику DESIGN BASICS (6^th edition)

DESIGN ELEMENTS

Для студентов школы “Дизайна”, обучающихся по международной программе

Университета Уэльса

Составитель:

старший преподаватель кафедры ЛиМК

Павлова Н. А.

Chapter 7. Line

Assignment 1. Read the text of Chapter 7 and do the following:

1. List and demonstrate different line qualities.

2. Discuss the different emotions and feelings that line quality can impart in the viewer.

3. Describe and explain the role of line in art and design.

4. Differentiate between implied line and psychic line.

5. Define and give examples of lost-and-found contour.

6. Demonstrate and identify contour and gesture drawings.

Assignment 2. Oral Quiz. Express your views working in groups (see Glossary below).

1. There are many types of line. Please pick two and describe the way in which these two line types could be used in conjunction and the emotional response that this might evoke in the viewer.

Glossary

Contour A line used to follow the edges of forms and thus describe their outlines.

Cross-hatching A drawing technique in which a series of lines are layered over each other to build up value and to suggest form and volume.

Gesture A line that does not stay at the edges but moves freely within forms. These lines record movement of the eye as well as implying the motion in the form.

Implied line An invisible line created by positioning a series of points so that the eye will connect them and thus create movement across the picture plane.

Impressionism An artistic style that sought to recreate the artistUs perception of the changing quality of light and color in nature.

Line A visual element of length. It can be created by setting a point in motion.

Line quality Any one of a number of characteristics of line determined by its weight, direction, uniformity or other features are called

Lost-and-found contour A description of a form in which an object is revealed by distinct contours in some areas while other edges simply vanish or dissolve into the ground.

Psychic line A mental connection between two points or elements. This occurs when a figure is pointing or looking in a certain direction, which causes the eye to follow toward the intended focus.

Assignment 3. Do the tutorial quiz

1. Line can evoke different emotional responses in the view. Which of the following does not apply to line quality?

a. Calm

b. Excited

c. Positive

d. Graceful

2. When the viewer automatically connects a series of unconnected points it creates a(n)

a. Implied line.

b. Psychic line.

3. When there is no real line, but the placement of the objects causes the viewer to look in a certain direction it is called an

a. Implied line.

b. Psychic line.

4. There are three types of line direction. Which is not one of those three?

a. Diagonal

b. Horizontal

c. Stagnant

d. Vertical

5. The book discusses two types of drawing. Which two are they?

a. Straight & Crosshatching

b. Clear & Scribbled

c. Contour & Gesture

6. To create gray, place a series of lines close together; the closer the lines are the

a. Lighter it appears.

b. Darker it appears.

7. What is the most common design element?

a. Line

b. Color

c. Shape

8. One of the most important aspects of line is … .

9. In design, an element that has no dimensions, no height and no width is called a … .

10. A point in motion which is capable of infinite variety is called a … .

11. Shapes which are bounded or bordered by line are called … shapes.

12. The viewer's eye tends to follow what in a picture or composition? (…)

13. What type of line implies quiet and repose and sleep? (…)

14. What type of line implies strong, action and stability? (…)

15. What type of line implies movement? (…)

16. … line is used to define the outside of the form.

17. In … drawing describing the shape is less important then showing the dynamics or action of a pose.

18. Crisscrossed lines often used for shading are called … .

19. A type of line in painting that emphasizes the edges is called … .

20. … painting is distinguished by the clarity of line; an emphasis on edges creates explicit lines.

21. Any one of a number of characteristics of line determined by its weight, direction, uniformity or other features are called … .

22. When one part of the body is revealed by sharp contour, but the edge then disappears into a mysterious darkness, it is referred to as … .

23. An Example of lost and found contour is exemplified by … technique.

24. … is the name of an artistic style that sought to recreate the artist's perception of the changing quality of light and color in nature.

25. True or False: The following are different emotional responses that line can evoke in a viewer: nervous, excited, calm, graceful, dancing.

a. True

b. False

26. True or False: Line describes shape, and shape describes objects.

a. True

b. False

27. True or False: There are 3 types of line.

a. True

b. False

28. True or False: The three type of line are: implied, psychic, and stagnant.

a. True

b. False

29. True or False: The three types of directional line are horizontal, vertical, and diagonal.

a. True

b. False

30. True or False: Horizontal line implies quiet and repose, sleep.

a. True

b. False

31. True or False: Vertical line implies strength, action, and stability.

a. True

b. False

32. True or False: Diagonal line implies movement.

a. True

b. False

33. True or False: Line can have value.

a. True

b. False

34. True or False: An outlined shape is essentially flat.

a. True

b. False

35. True or False: Crosshatching can be used for shading and creating a 3-Dimentional effect.

a. True

b. False

36. True or False: Line in painting is used to outline the forms.

a. True

b. False

37. True or False: The impact of dark, bold lines is used across time to illustrate weight.

a. True

b. False

38. True or False: Some artists use repeated linear stokes to color in an image; they are not smoothed over.

a. True

b. False

39. True or False: Photographers often chose the lighting for a subject to exploit the emotional and expressive effects of lost-and-found contour.

a. True

b. False

Class project

Visual Problems on Line

Introduction:

“What is line? If we think of a point as having no dimensions (neither height nor width), and then we set that point in motion, we create the first dimension: line. In theory, line consists only of the dimension of its length, but, in terms of art and design, we know line can have varying width as well”. —Design Basics, Chapter 7

Application:

The following exercises and project are designed to give the student both short-term and long-term experiences in creating visual expression of line. Four individual exercises require students to focus on specific qualities of line. One culminating project encourages students to synthesize a variety of types of lines used in design. Students render their projects involving line, in a professional manner, with media used in the field of design, including the computer. The final results are critiqued by their classmates and their instructor.

Traditional Media

Using a sheet of sketching paper approximately 9"x12" in size, students create a variety of expressive lines. The instructor assigns students to express specific "feeling" words by designing lines for each word. Here are a few words that could be expressed by lines: scatter, prickly, smooth, flamboyant, sensual, jagged, and calm.

Students are assigned to find in nature an object with lines that make up its surface quality. They are then to draw lines that are observed so the object is visualized according to its lines. An example might be the lines in bark that reveal the contours of a tree. This could be done with pen and ink, or simply, pencil.

Using tracing paper, students locate reproductions of famous paintings in western art history and trace expressive lines found in their compositions. They are instructed to identify and trace horizontal or calm lines, vertical or regal lines, and diagonal or dynamic lines. Student tracings are, thus, viewed and discussed according to the terms found in the text regarding line direction.

Using regular sketching paper, students are assigned to create three different values (dark, middle, and light) with line. Values are made with lines in three separate squares approximately 3" in dimension. Inside each square, lines are drawn together so as to create the effect of light and dark. A technique of cross-hatching and pattern are used to create this effect.

Electronic Media

Using an electronic software program, i.e., Adobe Illustrator, create a variety of lines expressing specific "feeling" words by designing lines for each word. Here are a few words that could be expressed by lines: scatter, prickly, smooth, flamboyant, sensual, jagged, and calm. A variety of Illustrator tools can be used to design expressive qualities in lines. About eight different expressive lines could be attempted. When completed, they are printed and compared to hand-drawn lines of expression.

Using an electronic software program, such as Adobe Illustrator, students are assigned to simulate lines found in nature. One way to do this is to find a natural object with observable lines, scan it into the computer, and then use the scanned image or surface as a template for designing various lines perceived in the natural object. Otherwise, a photograph could be made and scanned into the computer. Prints of the lines drawn with the software tools are made and discussed relative to pattern qualities of line.

Using Adobe Illustrator, students scan in reproductions of paintings from art history which illustrate directional lines, i.e. horizontal, vertical, and diagonal. In the Adobe Illustrator program, students trace the directional lines found in the paintings and then print the results. They also print the reproduction of the painting so that the two (painting and directional lines) can be displayed and discussed together.

Using Adobe Illustrator software, students are assigned to create three different values (dark, light, and middle) with line. Values are made inside three separate squares, each approximately 3" in dimension. Values inside the squares are made by utilizing pattern and line options in the Illustrator software. Patterns or values can be created in Illustrator utilizing line and "transform" options.

Project:

Goal: To create an allover composition of lights and darks by using a grid pattern as a basic motif. Variety made with directional lines (horizontal, vertical, and diagonal) should be emphasized.

Materials:

A. Traditional design media that will be employed in the execution of this project.

Illustration or bristol board—approximately 12"x15".

Black drawing ink.

Pencil to draw initial lines and pattern.

Tracing paper for refining and tracing image down to rendering surface.

B. Electronic design software such as: Adobe Illustrator or Adobe Photoshop. Project can be designed and rendered either with traditional media or electronic (computer) software. It is also possible to mix traditional and electronic media. For example, a student could use traditional media in creating the initial drawing or idea for the design. Then, Adobe Illustrator could be used to make the finished project, which could be printed and cut to fit the required dimensions of the final presentation.

Guidelines:

The grid motif can be varied in terms of rows of pattern and proportion of size. In other words, some rows can be vertically designed whereas other s might be horizontal.

Variety with unity is the primary emphasis. Thus, various values, directions, and expressions of line are created in this project.

Project should be rendered as various lines drawn onto the rendering surface with black drawing ink. The illusion of grays is a result of lines varying in width and placement across the white surface of the board.

Lined designs or values can be drawn on paper, then cut out and glued to the surface of the illustration board.

Chapter 8. Shape and Volume

Assignment 1. Read the text of Chapter 8 and do the following:

1. Differentiate the between shape and volume.

2. Define and identify examples of abstraction.

3. Define and identify biomorphic shapes.

4. Define and differentiate between figure and form in a work of art.

5. Identify and give examples of idealism and naturalism in works of art.

Assignment 2. Oral Quiz. Express your views working in groups (see Glossary below).

1. Why is shape considered a more precise term for an object then form in art?

2. What is the different between naturalism and distortion?

Glossary

Abstraction A visual representation that may have little resemblance to the real world. Abstraction can occur through a process of simplification or distortion in an attempt to communicate an essential aspect of a form or concept.

Biomorphic Describes shapes derived from organic or natural forms.

Cubism An art style that takes natural forms and turns them into geometric planes.

Curvilinear Rounded and curving forms that tend to imply flowing shapes and compositions.

Distortion A departure from an accepted perception of a form or object. Distortion often manipulates established proportional standards.

Figure Any positive shape or form noticeably separated from the background or, the negative space.

Form When referring to objects, it is the shape and structure of a thing. When referring to two-dimensional artworks, it is the visual aspect of composition, structure, and the work as a whole.

Ground The surface of a two-dimensional design that acts as the background or surrounding space for the RfiguresS in the composition.

Idealism An artistic theory in which the world is not reproduced as it is, but as it should be. All flaws, accidents, and incongruities of the visual world are corrected.

Installation A mixed-media artwork that generally takes into account the environment in which it is arranged.

Naturalism The skillful representation of the visual image, forms, and proportions as seen in nature with an illusion of volume and three-dimensional space.

Negative space Unoccupied areas or empty space surrounding the objects or figures in a composition.

Nonobjective A type of artwork with absolutely no reference to, or representation of, the natural world. The artwork is the reality.

Positive shape Any shape or object distinguished from the background.

Rectilinear Composed of straight lines.

Shape A visually perceived area created either by an enclosing line or by color and value changes defining the outer edges.

Volume The appearance of height, width, and depth in a form.

Assignment 3. Do the tutorial quiz

1. A visually perceived area created by an enclosing line or color or value changes, which define an edge, is called a … .

2. What is another term for Shape?

3. Forms that have straight edges, and sharp angular angles and rectangular planes are referred to as … .

4. A continuously curved form is referred to as … .

5. Name an art style that emphasizes curvilinear and natural shapes.

6. Shape is normally considered to have how many Dimensions?

7. What we study … ,is basically an arrangement of shapes.

8. … is concerned with true to life appearance.

9. … represents the world not as it is, but how the artist feels it should be. It is nature or life perfected.

10. A simplification of a form to its most basic shapes and forms is called … .

11.When elements of an image are simplified down to simple building blocks it is referred to as … .

12. Despite the complexity of a form, most all images can be reduced to basic what?

13. Abstract shapes that allude to organic forms are called … .

14. Shapes that have no reference or subject matter are called … .

15. If paintings have shapes, then sculptures have … .

16. An art form that uses both two-dimensional and three-dimensional form in a large format to evoke emotion and often fills up an entire room is called … art.

17. What is another term for Naturalism?

18. When the artist purposely changes or exaggerates the forms of the subject from what is seen in nature it is called … .

19. Picasso used this art style to turn natural forms into geometric planes.

20. … means obscuring the motif or meaning.

21. Which is considered a more precise term for talking about object in art?

a. Form

b. Shape

22. Pictures can exist without all of the following elements except:

a. Texture

b. Color

c. Shape

23. When the artist reproduces from a visual image the forms and proportions as seen in nature it is called:

a. Both Naturalism and Realism

b. Realism

c. Neither Naturalism nor Realism

d. Naturalism

24. Which style emphasizes the emotion of the picture and subject mater or the action?

a. Distortion

b. Realism

c. Naturalism

d. Idealism

25. Which types of shapes are thought of as natural despite the fact that nature uses geometric shapes on a molecular or microscopic level to create these organic forms.

a. Rectilinear shapes

b. Curvilinear shapes

26. The main shape or subject in a picture is called

a. Positive and Figure

b. Negative and Positive

c. Negative

d. Figure

e. Positive

27. The space in which this figure or positive shape resides.

a. Negative and Ground

b. Negative

c. Ground

d. Positive

e. Ground and Positive

28. True or False: Negative spaces are as important to design as the figure or positive shape.

True

False

29. True or False: Negative spaces are unimportant.

True

False

30. True or False: Japanese artists often design and use the negative space of their images in unique ways.

True

False

31. True or False: Negative shapes are very important in letterform and typography.

True

False

32. True or False: The change between dark and light and the change between positive and negative shapes can contribute to visual interest to a painting or design.

True

False

33. True or False: Sometimes positive and negative shapes are integrated to such an extent that there is truly no visual distinction.

True

False

34. True or False: Optical illusions use a very distinct differentiation between positive and negative space.

True

False

35. True or False: Governments often use realism to promote their political system.

True

False

Class project