Vocabulary

ravage – спустошувати

cloistered – відокремлений, відлюдний

well – колодязь

enhance – посилювати, покращувати

grounds – угіддя; ділянка навколо дому

axis – вісь

cypress – кипарис

clipped – підтятий

hedge – (жива) огорожа

conform to – відповідати, узгоджуватися

distinguish - відрізняти

serpentine – звивистий

Moorish – мавританський

grandeur – богатство, пишність

parterre - квітник з доріжками між клумбами

pattern – малюнок, візерунок

merge – з’єднуватися

intersect – перетинати

embellish – прикрашати

statuary - скульптура

spawn – породжувати

principality – князівство

Vocabulary exercises

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

medieval, Renaissance, baroque, invasion, castle, enhance, avenues, terrace, Lois XIV, grandeur, Versailles

2. Find the stem in the following words; point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

invasion, enclosed, protection, meditation, ensure, harmonious, relationship, symmetrical, classically, central, geometric, allegorical, movement, inspiration, architectural, symmetrically, impression, limitless, director, regularly, ambitious, ruler, imitation

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:

medieval Europe, fortified walls, cloistered walks, to inhance meditation, castles gave way to palaces, a harmonious relationship, classically inspired plan, clipped yew hedges, stone balustrades, the dramatic baroque style, lavish use of serpentine lines, scultured allegorical figures in violent movement, a multiplicity of spouting fountains, geometric flower beds, the primary inspiration of architectural and landscape design, the vast building programs, miles of symmetrically arranged gardens, an impression of limitless grandeur, lawns and shrubbery merging into woodland, radiating alleys, placed axially, ambitious rulers

4. The word well is used in the text in two different meanings. Translate the word into Ukrainian.

Grammar exercises

1. Translate the following sentences, which contain relative clauses. Remember that which can be used to refer either to the thing being spoken about or to the whole previous sentence or idea.

1. What was the name of the horse which won the race? 2. Apparantly, he lost all his money gambling, which really annoyed her. 3. He’s going to have an operation which could save his life. 4. He told me a story which I found hard to believe. 5. I received a letter this morning which really upset me. 6. Jane can’t come to the party, which is a shame. 7. I bought the coat which was in the shop window. 8. Here are the letters which arrived this morning. 9. The film star gave a party which cost $10,000. 10. I don’t like food which is very spicy.

5. In the text the italicised sentences are relative clauses; translate them into Ukrainian.

Speech exercises

1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:

1. What were the gardens like in medieval Europe?

2. What were the features of Italian garden of Renaissance period?

3. What features were characteristic of baroque style?

4. What did the building programs of Louis XIV include?

ROMANTIC PERIOD

In the late 18^th century the rise of romanticism, with its emphasis on untamed nature, the picturesque, the past, and the exotic, led to important changes in landscape architecture as well as in other arts. The shift began in England. In place of the patterned formality of Le Nôtre's designs, architects such as Capability Brown preferred a new, softer romantic style that imitated rather than disciplined nature(1). At such great houses as Blenheim Palace and Chatsworth, Brown replaced the parterres of symmetrically arranged flower beds and straight walks with sweeping lawns, sloping hills with curving paths, and rivers and ponds punctuated by informally planted groups of trees and shrubbery, to achieve the effect of a wilderness. The English landscape architect Humphry Repton modified the style, believing that a house was best set off by formal flower beds that merged by subtle degrees into a naturalistic background. These so-called English gardens often incorporated “follies,” fake medieval ruins and Roman temples, inspired by the 17th-century paintings of the Roman countryside by Claude Lorrain and his followers.

The romantic style was introduced in North America by Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, his Virginia estate. The most important example of this style is Central Park, New York City, designed in 1857 by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. It was the first major public example of landscape architecture in the U.S. and was so successful both as a municipal enterprise and as a work of art that by 1870 it had influenced the creation of public parks, many of them designed by Olmsted and Vaux, all over the nation. The profession of landscape architecture, as distinct from architecture and horticulture, was established largely through the success of Olmsted and Vaux. At about the same time, the Boston landscape architect Charles Eliot did much to further interest in metropolitan landscape parks(2) as recreational areas that could relieve city congestion.

Notes

1. that imitated rather than disciplined nature – які переважно імітували, а не дисциплінували природу

2. did much to further interest in metropolitan landscape parks – зробили багато для підвищення інтересу до столичних парків

Vocabulary

untamed – неприборканий

shift – переміщення, зміна

parterre – квітник з доріжками між клумбами

punctuate – перемежовувати

incorporate – включати (до складу), об’єднувати

folly – примха

fake – підроблений

enterprise – підприємство, ініціатива

distinct – той, що відрізняється

horticulture – садівництво

establish - установлювати

congestion – скупчення

Vocabulary exercises

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

romanticism, emphasis, picturesque, discipline, parterre, punctuated, wilderness, subtle, incorporate, medieval, successful, enterprise, influence, horticulture, metropolitan, recreational, congestion

2. Find the stem in the following words; point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

romanticism, untamed, architecture, formal, formality, informally, symmetrically, replace, wilderness, naturalistic, successful, creation, profession, recreational, congestion

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:

untamed nature, the picturesque, the past and the exotic; important changes; patterned formality; symmetrically arranged flower beds; straight walks; sweeping lawns; sloping hills; curving paths; informally planted groups of trees and shrubbery; the effect of a wilderness; formal flower beds; subtle degrees; naturalistic background; fake medieval ruins; the first major public example of landscape architecture; municipal enterprise; a work of art; recreational areas; city congestion