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§ 8. Greetings and leave-taking in indirect speech.

When converting greetings and leave-taking into indirect speech, we use such verbs as to greet, to welcome, etc.

She said to them, "How do you do?"

She greeted them.

He said to them, "Happy to see you at my place."

He welcomed them.

He said to them, "Good-bye!"

He bade them good-bye.

He said to them, "Good night!"

He wished them good night.

Chapter XX

PUNCTUATION

§ 1. The punctuation marks show the grammatical relations between words, phrases, clauses, and sentences; besides they serve to emphasize particular words and to indicate intonation. Thus the use of punctua­tion marks is mainly regulated by syntactical relations: the structure of the sentence (simple, compound, complex), the function of the word or word-group in a sentence or clause, the way coordinate clauses are linked, and the types of subordinate clauses.

The Simple Sentence

To separate different parts of the sentence, the following rules are observed.

§ 2. With homogeneous members either a comma or no punctuation mark whatever is used.

  1. A comma is used to separate homogeneous members joined asyndetically.

The punishment cell was a dark, damp, filthy hole. (Voynich)

She shook her head, dried the dishes herself, sat down with some mending. (Cronin)

Her breathing was slow, tortured. (Maltz)

  1. A comma is used after each of several homogeneous members if the last is joined by the conjunction and.

The captain, the squire, and I were talking matters over in the cabin. (Stevenson)

He lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went on. (Lon­don)

Note. The comma before the last of the homogeneous members can be omitted.

  1. If two homogeneous members are joined by the conjunction and, no comma is used.

She nodded and smiled. (Heym)

He went out heavily and shut the door behind him. (Abrahams)

  1. If there are several homogeneous members and each of them is joined to the preceding by the conjunction and or nor, they may or may not be separated by commas.

Em'ly, indeed, said little all the evening; but she looked, and listened, and her face got animated, and she was charming. (Dickens)

She was not brilliant, nor witty, nor wise overmuch, nor extraor­dinary handsome. (Thackeray)

  1. A comma is used to separate homogeneous members joined by the conjunction but and the correlative conjunction not only... but also.

He had been always about to paint a masterpiece, but had never yet begun it. (O. Henry)

Not only hope, but confidence has been restored. (Nesfield)

  1. A comma is used to separate homogeneous members going in pairs.

Between halts and stumbles, jerks and lurches, locomotion had at times seemed impossible. (London)

They had forgotten time and place, and life and death. (Voy- nich)