В. Л. Каушанская, Р. Л. Ковнер, О. Н. Кожевникова, Е. В. Прокофьева, 3. М. Райнес, С. Е. Сквирская, Ф. Я. Цырлина
A GRAMMAR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Высшее образование
ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
Под редакцией проф. Е. В. Ивановой
5-е издание,исправленное и дополненное
МОСКВА
АЙРИС ПРЕСС
2008
УДК 811.111 36(075)
ББК 81.2Англ-2
КЗО
Серийное оформление А. М. Драгового
Каушанская, В. JI.
КЗО Грамматика английского языка. Пособие для студентов педагогических институтов / В. Л. Каушанская, Р. J1. Ковнер, О. Н. Кожевникова, Е. В. Прокофьева и др. — 5-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Айрис-пресс, 2008. — 384 с.: ил. — (Высшее образование).
ISBN 978-5-8112-3445-5
Один из лучших отечественных учебников по грамматике английского языка, написанных за последние 50 лет. Книга состоит из двух частей — «Морфология» и «Синтаксис», в ней ьчубоко и детально описана грамматическая система английского языка Примеры, иллюстрирующие правила, взяты из классических произведений английских и американских авторов XIX-XX вв., а также из современных словарей
Пятое издание учебника составлено с учетом изменений, произошедших в грамматической системе английского языка за последние десятилет ия
Для студентов и преподавателей языковых вузов, а также для всех тех, кто желает в совершенстве освоить грамматику английского языка
ББК 81.2Англ-2 УДК 811.111 36(075)
Isbn 978-5-8112-3445-5 © ооо «Издательство
«АЙРИС-пресс»,
2008
Table of Contents
Foreword 14
Introduction. Grammatical structure of the English language 15
Part 1
Accidence
General classification of the parts of speech 18
Chapter I. The Noun
§1. Definition 19
§ 2. Morphological characteristics 19
§ 3. Syntactical characteristics 19
§ 4. Morphological composition 20
§5. Classification 21
§ 6. The category of number 24
§7. The category of case 28
Chapter II. The Article
§1. General notion 32
Use of articles with common nouns 33
§ 2-4. Class nouns 33
§ 5-7. Nouns of material 38
§ 8-11. Abstract nouns 39
Use of articles with proper nouns 40
§ 12. Names of people 40
§ 13. Geographical names 42
§ 14. Names of hotels, ships, newspapers and magazines 43
§ 15. Names of cardinal points 43
§ 16. Names of months and days 43
§ 17. Nouns modified by proper nouns 44
Use of articles with nouns in some set expressions 44
§ 18. The use of the indefinite article with nouns in set expressions 44
§ 19. The use of the definite article with nouns in set expressions 45
§ 20. Nouns in set expressions used without an article 46
Use of articles in some syntactic relations 48
§ 21. The use of articles with predicative nouns 48
§ 22. The use of articles with nouns in apposition 49
§ 23. The use of articles with nouns used in address 50
§ 24. Place of the article 50
§ 25. Ways of expressing the meaning of the English articles in Russian 51
Special difficulties in the use of articles 52
§ 26. The use of articles with the nouns day, night, morning, evening 52
§ 27. The use of articles with names of seasons 52
§ 28. The use of articles with the nouns school, college, university, bed,
prison Jail, church 53
§ 29. The use of articles with the noun town 54
§ 30. The use of articles with the names of meals 54
§ 31. The use of articles with names of languages 55
Use of articles with nouns modified
by certain adjectives, pronouns and numerals 55
§ 32. Most 55
§ 33. Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little 56
§ 34. Two, the two; three, the three, etc 57
§ 35. The second, a second 57
§ 36. Another, the other 57
§ 37. Last, the last 58
§ 38. Next, the next 58
§ 39. A number, the number 58
Omission of the article 58
Chapter III. The Adjective
§ 1. Definition 60
§ 2. Morphological characteristics 60
§ 3. Spelling rules 61
§ 4. Syntactical characteristics 61
§ 5. Morphological composition 61
§ 6. Classification of adjectives 62
§ 7. Grammatical characteristics of qualitative adjectives 63
§ 8. Grammatical characteristics of relative adjectives 63
§ 9. Substantivized adjectives 64
Chapter IV. The Pronoun
§1. Definition 65
§ 2. Classification of pronouns 65
§ 3. Personal pronouns 66
§ 4. Possessive pronouns 67
§ 5. Reflexive pronouns 68
§6. Reciprocal pronouns 70
§ 7. Demonstrative pronouns 71
§8. Interrogative pronouns 72
§ 9. Relative pronouns 74
§ 10. Conjunctive pronouns 75
§11. Defining pronouns 76
§ 12. Indefinite pronouns 79
§ 13. Negative pronouns 83
Chapter V. The Numeral
§1. Definition 86
§ 2. Cardinal numerals 86
§ 3. The functions of cardinal numerals in a sentence 86
§ 4. Ordinal numerals 87
§ 5. The functions of ordinal numerals in a sentence 87
Chapter VI. The Words of the Category of State
§1. Definition 89
§ 2—4. Morphological composition and use 89
Chapter VII. The Verb
§1. Definition 91
§ 2. Morphological structure 91
§3. Basic forms 91
§ 4. Syntactic function 94
§ 5. Transitive and intransitive verbs 95
§ 6. Lexical characteristics 96
§7—10. Grammatical categories 97
Tenses in the Active Voice
The Indefinite form 99
The Present Indefinite 99
§ 1. The formation of the Present Indefinite 99
§ 2. The use of the Present Indefinite 100
The Past Indefinite 102
§ 3. The formation of the Past Indefinite 102
§ 4. The use of the Past Indefinite 102
The Future Indefinite 104
§ 5. The formation of the Future Indefinite 104
§ 6. The use of the Future Indefinite 105
The Future Indefinite in the Past 105
§ 7. The formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past 105
§ 8. The use of the Future Indefinite in the Past 106
The Continuous form 106
The Present Continuous 107
§ 9. The formation of the Present Continuous 107
§ 10. The use of the Present Continuous 107
The Past Continuous 109
§ 11. The formation of the Past Continuous 109
§ 12. The use of the Past Continuous 110
The Future Continuous 111
§ 13. The formation of the Future Continuous 111
§ 14. The use of the Future Continuous 112
The Future Continuous in the Past 113
§ 15. The formation of the Future Continuous in the Past 113
§ 16. The use of the Future Continuous in the Past 114
Verbs not used in the Continuous Form 115
The Perfect form 116
The Present Perfect 116
§ 17. The formation of the Present Perfect 116
§ 18. The use of the Present Perfect 117
§ 19. The Past Indefinite and the Present Perfect 120
The Past Perfect 121
§ 20. The formation of the Past Perfect 121
§ 21. The use of the Past Perfect 122
§ 22. The Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect 124
The Future Perfect 124
§ 23. The formation of the Future Perfect 124
§ 24. The use of the Future Perfect 125
The Future Perfect in the Past 126
§ 25. The formation of the Future Perfect in the Past 126
§ 26. The use of the Future Perfect in the Past 127
The Perfect Continuous form 127
The Present Perfect Continuous 127
§ 27. The formation of the Present Perfect Continuous 127
§ 28. The use of the Present Perfect Continuous 128
§ 29. The Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Present
Continuous 130
§ 30. The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous
Exclusive 130
The Past Perfect Continuous 131
§31. The formation of the Past Perfect Continuous 131
§ 32. The use of the Past Perfect Continuous 132
§ 33. The Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive and the Past Continuous 133
The Future Perfect Continuous 133
§ 34. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous 133
§ 35. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous 134
The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past 135
§ 36. The formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past 135
§ 37. The use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past 136
The Passive Voice
§ 1. The formation of the Passive Voice 137
§ 2. The use of the Passive Voice 138
§ 3. The use of tenses in the Passive Voice 139
§ 4. Ways of translating the Passive Voice into Russian 140
§ 5. Uses of the Passive Voice peculiar to the English language 140
§6. The verb to be + Participle II 143
Modal Verbs