6. Существительное в функции определения

Если подряд стоят два или более существительных без предлогов, образуя так называемую «цепочку существительных», то все они являются определениями к последнему в этой «цепочке» существительному. При переводе на русский язык существительному в функции определения может соответствовать:

– либо прилагательное (sea salt – морская соль, topmost layers – верхние слои);

– либо существительное в родительном падеже (water surface – поверхность воды, climate changes – изменения климата);

– либо существительное с предлогом (rainfall information – сведения об осадках).

Тренировочные упражнения

Упражнение 1.

Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

Boundary layer effects, low salinity water surface, regime shifts, acid rains, insect larvae, water life, sulphur dioxide, evaporation rates, precipitation data.

Упражнение 2.

Переведите словосочетания, учитывая правило «цепочки существительных».

1. Vapour pressure ..., saturation vapour pressure ...; 2. Water particles ..., water particles attraction ...; 3. Temperature drop ..., temperature drop increase ...; 4. Air mass temperature ..., air mass temperature increase ...; 5. saturation zones; 6. soil layers; 7. city park ponds; 8. stream channels; 9. surface runoff.

Упражнение 3.

Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

radiation components, summer months, heat storage term, preliminary analysis, spring melt period, melting ice, the mass of ice melted, ice cover, throughout a winter season, heat flow, the amount of radiation absorbed.

Упражнение 4.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на цепочки существительных.

1. The cold season circulation pattern is clearly stronger than in the annual mean.

2. The warming of the ocean area south of 50 N was associated with a local increase in the westerly wind speed that generally corresponds to an increase in oceanic heat loss.

3. Temperature, salinity and pressure work together to determine water density.

4. When the temperature is sufficiently low, ice crystals occur, and once they are present in sufficient concentrations, the entire cloud tends to be transformed into ice crystals.

5. The equilibrium vapour pressure over ice is less than that over liquid water at temperatures below 0 C.

6. Since ice nuclei occur in much smaller numbers than condensation nuclei, this process leads to the formation of ice crystals.

7. The size of the cloud particles which form by condensation depends on the rate and duration of the vertical motion.

8. The explanation is that the process of ice formation, whether by freezing or liquid drops or the condensation of vapour directly into ice crystals, also requires nucleation.

9. A working weather modification program can alter the weather statistics and, therefore, the local ecology.

10. In the absence of surfaces, the vapour pressure can exceed the saturation value several-fold before condensation begins.

11. If the cooling of air is carried out at constant pressure, the temperature at which saturation is reached is called the dew point.

12. Recently, attempts have been made to compute the amount of effect of various treatments to augment warm cloud precipitation from schematic models of cumulus clouds, using hogh-speed digital computers.

Упражнение 5.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на цепочки существительных.

1. Flash flood events arise from high to extremely high rainfall rates, whereas river flood events are associated with rainfall events over days and perhaps months.

2. The vertical moisture flux can be related to the condensation rate, which in turn is the ultimate source for precipitation.

3. This means rising air should have a substantial water vapour content and a rapid ascent rate if a significant precipitation rate is to develop.

4. Precipitation efficiency is defined as the ratio of the mass of water falling as precipitation to the influx of water vapour mass into the cloud.

5. Complete oxygen depletion kills all forms of aquatic life except anaerobic bacteria, which do not require oxygen to break down organic material.

6. Plant diversity is low in the northern forests, because few species can survive the long, cold winters, when soil moisture is frozen.

7. Other abiotic factors, such as soil type, light, and fire can act as limiting factors that cause variations in the plant life of major biomes.

8. Some aspects of groundwater pollution can be controlled by parts of existing water pollution control laws.

9. Such a strategy will require greatly increased efforts to control soil erosion through conservation and land-use control for farms, construction sites, and suburban and urban areas.

10. In urban areas most waterborne wastes from homes, businesses, factories, and storm runoff flow through a network of sewer pipes to sewage treatment plants.

11. The science in this early effort is far from the level of climate science today, but Marsh does link land use change, including deforestation and irrigation, to changes in the local climate.