5. Конверсия

Конверсия – это способ образования одной части речи от другой без добавления суффиксов и приставок и без изменения основной формы слова. Например:

Глагол	Существительное
to use – использовать	use – использование
to increase – увеличивать	increase – увеличение
to produce – производить	produce – продукты, изделия
to effect – влиять	effect – влияние

Тренировочные упражнения

Упражнение 1.

Определите, к какой части речи принадлежат выделенные слова. Переведите предложения.

1. A slight rise in the grass-surface temperature can be noted at 20 hr.

2. As the temperature of the air in the bulb rises air expands and the liquid in the stem falls, whereas it rises as the temperature falls.

3. Most of the troposphere is filled with west winds which increase with height.

4. This increase is consistent with the «thermal» wind equation, since temperatures decrease poleward from the equator.

5. The pressure decreases with height.

6. The decrease with height depends primarily on temperature.

7. The temperature changes caused by radiatively ac­tive pollutants remain a minor factor in the development of vertical temperature structure.

8. As the temperature of both glass and mercury changes, their volumes change.

9. The barometer drops rapidly as the storm appro­aches.

10. The approach of the storm can be determined by the drops of the barometer.

11. Weather conditions affect pollutant concentrations and there are some effects of pollutants on weather.

Упражнение 2.

Определите, к какой части речи принадлежат выделенные слова. Переведите предложения.

1. Often 'climate' is used to mean the long-term mean state of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, and wind.

2. Anthropogenic means "human caused," form "anthro-", meaning "human," and "genic," meaning "produced by, origin, cause".

3. Global warming, or anthropogenic global warming, is the difference in the global mean temperature in a world with artificially elevated carbon dioxide compared to a reference state (which is usually taken as a time before the Industrial Revolution).

4. When the trend leads to a change larger than the natural variability, a statistically significant change most certainly has occurred.

5. More energy leads directly to higher temperature, hence climate change.

6. The absorption and subsequent emission by greenhouse gases changes the effective emission temperature of Earth (as seen from space).

7. Earth's obliquity slowly changes in time, which has important consequences for very long-term climate change.

8. Seasons are more extreme with larger obliquity, and high latitudes (e.g. Antarctica) experience more extreme changes in insolation than the tropics, leading to more pronounced season.

9. Consider the change in incoming energy in say 6800 km versus the Earth-sun distance: it is minuscule.

10. Perhaps the most profound influence on the Earth-Sun system is the geometry involved.

11. This difference does not cause Earth's seasons, but can influence the severity of seasons (discussed in the paleoclimate section) and does introduce small variations to the annual incoming solar radiation ("insolation") as there are very slow variations in the eccentricity.

12. In addition to the findings about the complex interplay between atmosphere and ocean, the current climate models from the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology also include new findings about the effects of aerosols and the influence of the earth's carbon cycle.

13. In an idealized system, where the orbit is circular and the planet's spin axis is perpendicular to the ecliptic (i.e. obliquity equal to zero), the problem becomes nearly trivial because every day is identical.

14. The amount of light absorbed by the surface is not exactly equal to the transmitted light.

15. Of course, only half the planet faces the sun at any instant in time. Half the planet faces the sun, half is in darkness.

16. The outgoing longwave radiation balances the net shortwave at the top of the atmosphere when the system is in equilibrium.

17. The photons (electromagnetic energy) emitted from the sun reach Earth's orbit in about 8 minutes.

18. Snow and ice reflect up to 80% of incident light, while open ocean surfaces reflect almost none.

19. The climate system contains important contributions and interactions among the lithosphere (the solid Earth), the biosphere (e.g., marine phytoplankton, tropical rainforests), atmospheric and oceanic chemistry (e.g., stratospheric ozone), and even molecular dynamics (e.g. radiative transfer).

20. The horizontal transport is typically given by an eddy diffusion term, which is just a coefficient multiplied by the meridional (north-south) temperature gradient.

21. For the contemporary climate, the precession only matters because it determines the relative position of the poles to the sun during Earth's orbit.

22. Extreme weather events in Europe will increase in frequency and strength.

23. Increases in precipitation over Greenland, combined with other warming effects there, leads to pools of liquid water that melt into the ice sheet as moulins.

24. The data and results will be made available, in particular, to research groups that deal with the effects of climate.

25. Different climate models, and here we want to imply sophisticated numerical models (usually of the whole globle), get different results for the same experiment.