
- •Unit 1. Programming languages
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Programming languages
- •Unit 2. Programmers
- •II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Programmers
- •Unit 3. Internet protocols
- •II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
- •Unit 4. E-commerce
- •II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
- •III. Read and translate the following text.
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. If they are false, correct them.
- •VI. Match the word with its translation:
- •VII. Find in the text words and expressions opposite to the following ones:
- •VIII. Define the following terms:
- •IX. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box:
- •X. Imagine that you are to make a report on one of the following themes. Write 10-12 sentences.
- •Unit 5. Computer networks
- •I. Read the following words:
- •II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Computer networks
- •VIII. Which words in the text have the same meaning as:
- •IX. What do the following abbreviations stand for?
- •X. Imagine that you are going to take part in a scientific conference. The theme of your report is:
- •Unit 6. Computer viruses
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Computer viruses
- •IX. Give definitions of the following terms:
- •X. You are going to take part in a scientific conference. Be ready to speak on the following topics:
- •Unit 7. Artificial intelligence
- •I. Read the following words and word combinations:
- •II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
- •III. Read and translate the following text. Artificial intelligence
- •VIII. Find in the text words opposite to the following ones:
- •IX. Define the following terms:
- •X. Write a brief summary of the text (10-12 sentences).
IX. Give definitions of the following terms:
virus, worm, spyware, spam, anti-virus program, world wide web, e-mail, web page, surf.
X. You are going to take part in a scientific conference. Be ready to speak on the following topics:
1. Modern anti-virus programs
2. Difference between computer virus and biological virus
3. Virus creators.
Unit 7. Artificial intelligence
I. Read the following words and word combinations:
artificial intelligence, robotics, control systems, scheduling, data mining, speech recognition, priority, resource, definition, assumption, knowledge, representation, abstract logic, requires, provide, visualize, prediction, algorithm, acquire, efficient, attempt, purpose, environment, issue, behaviour, recognise patterns.
II. Before you read the text try to answer these questions:
1. What is artificial intelligence?
2. How can artificial intelligence be used?
3. What is your prediction of artificial intelligence application in the future?
III. Read and translate the following text. Artificial intelligence
It is quite possible to set out an approximate scale of intelligence: most people are more intelligent than most chimpanzees, a word processor is a more intelligent machine than a typewriter. Nevertheless there is no scientific definition of intelligence. Intelligence is related to the ability to recognise patterns, draw reasoned conclusions, analyse complex systems into simple elements and resolve contradictions, yet it is more than all of these. Intelligence is at a higher level than information and knowledge, but below the level of wisdom. It contains an indefinable «spark» which enables new insights to be gained, new theories to be formulated and new knowledge to be established.
Intelligence can also be examined from the point of view of language. Information can easily be represented as words, numbers or some other symbols. Knowledge is generally expressed in a language or as mathematics. Intelligence is at the upper limit of language: instances of patterns or deductive reasoning can be written down, and certain general principles can be stated. However, the creative «spark» of intelligence is almost impossible to express in language.
The only widely accepted definition of artificial intelligence is based on a test devised by Alan Turing in 1950. Suppose there are two identical terminals in a room, one connected to a computer, and the other operated remotely be a person. If someone using the two terminals is unable to decide which is connected to the computer and which is operated by the person, then the computer can be credited with intelligence.
The definition of artificial intelligence which follows from this test is: «Artificial intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by people».
Artificial intelligence research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer science, psychology, philosophy, linguistics, probability theory, logic and others. Also, AI research overlaps with tasks, such as robotics, control systems, scheduling, data mining and speech recognition systems. By the end of 20th century, AI research had also developed highly successful methods of dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts of probability theory and economics. Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are integral parts of AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the most difficult problems in knowledge representations are: the qualification problem and unconscious knowledge.
Most things people know take the form of «working assumptions». John McCarthy identified this problem in 1969 as the qualification problem. AI research has explored a number of solutions to this problem.
Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. They must have the representation of the world and be able to predict how their actions will change it. Natural language processing gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages human beings speak. A lot of researchers hope that a sufficiently powerful natural language processing system would be able to acquire knowledge on its own, by reading the existing text available over the Internet. Some applications of natural language processing include information (or text mining) and machine translation. The field of robotics is related to AI because robots require intelligence to handle such tasks as object manipulation and navigation, with sub-problems of localization (knowing where you are), mapping (learning what is around you) and motion planning (finding out how to get there).
The classical Greek mythology is full of intelligent machines and devices. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and scientist, a student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, invented the first formal deductive reasoning system for machines known as syllogistic logic. There are many science fiction stories and movies about robots living and working with us in harmony.
One practical use of artificial intelligence is space exploration. Constructing intelligent robots to explore space provides a great number of advantages. As machines they are more resistant to hostile environments, such as interplanetary space, and planetary atmospheres incompatible with Earth life. Robots can mine minerals, drill for resources and do things which are difficult for people to do, for example, deep ocean exploration.
Most researchers hope that their work will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence, combining human skills and abilities.
IV. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the term artificial intelligence mean?
2. What is intelligence related to?
3. What is knowledge expressed in?
4. What is the definition of AI according to A. Turing?
5. Who invented the first formal deductive reasoning system?
6. What advantages do machines have compared to human beings?
7. What is the practical use of artificial intelligence?
V. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. It they are false, correct them.
1. There are a few science fiction stories and movies about robots.
2. AI is used only in space exploration.
3. Robots can mine minerals, drill for resources and carry out deep ocean exploration.
4. AI is the machine that can recognize, analyse and make decisions to certain extent.
5. John McCarthy identified the qualification problem in 1996.
VI. Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian word combinations:
штучний розум; не існує наукового визначення; багатьох галузей; дослідження космосу; теорія ймовірності; практичне використання; сформулювати нові теорії; об’єднуючи людські навички та можливості; причини та наслідки; друкарська машинка; яким керує людина.
VII. Complete the following sentences:
1. Aristotle invented the first formal deductive reasoning system for machines known as ______.
2. Intelligence can also be examined from the point ______ of language.
3. The definition of artificial intelligence is based on a test ______ by Alan Turing in 1950.
4. Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and scientist, was ______ of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great.
5. Information can easily be ______ as words, numbers or some other symbols.