ABSTRACT on the subject : "History and Philosophy of Science" Theme: " The historical and philosophical aspects of modeling" Completed: the head of JSC " Supertel " Alexander Danilenko Supervisor: Doctor of Technical Sciences , Professor Liferenko Victor Danilovich Saint Petersburg

Сontent introduction…………………………………………………………………… 3 1.Epistemological specificity of the model and its definition ...............................4 2 . Classification and types of modeling .............................................. ………5 3 . The main functions of models ............................................... .............................7 3.1.Modeling as a means of experimental research ............ …………………7 3.2. Modeling and the problem of truth .............................................. ................. 8 4 . The use of simulation in various fields of human knowledge and …………9 4.1. Modelling in Biology ............................................... ............................. …9 4.2 . About cybernetic modeling and simulation of mental activity…………11 4.3. The use of simulation in the study of economic systems ............................13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………… 15

References……………………………………………………………………… 15

INTRODUCTION The growing interest in the philosophy and methodology of knowledge to the subject of modeling bylvyzvan the value that the method of modeling has received in modern science , and its vosobennosti in such sections as physics , chemistry , biology , cybernetics , not to mention omnogih technical sciences. However, modeling as a specific means and form of scientific knowledge neyavlyaetsya invention 19 or 20 century. Suffice it to point out the views of Democritus and Epicurus 's atoms is , their form isposobah compounds of atomic vortices and showers svoystvrazlichnyh explanations of physical substances using the concept of the round and smooth or kryuchkovatyhchastitsah , linked to each other. These representations are prototypes sovremennyhmodeley reflecting the nuclear -electron atomic structure of matter. The 20th century brought a new method of modeling success , but at the same time put egopered serious challenges . On the one hand, cybernetics found novyevozmozhnosti and prospects of this method in discovering general laws istrukturnyh features of various physical systems belonging kraznym levels of organization of matter, forms of movement . On the other hand, teoriyaotnositelnosti and in particular , quantum mechanics, pointed to the non-absolute , relative nature of mechanical models , ka difficulties associated with modeling . Numerous evidence of widespread use of metodamodelirovaniya in the research, some of the contradictions that arise in this case , require a deep theoretical understanding of this method of learning , searching egomesta in the theory of knowledge. This may explain the great attention given to philo - sofas razlichnyhstran this issue in numerous works .

1. Epistemological specificity of the model and its definition Investigation of the epistemological significance of modeling should begin sopredeleniya concept of " model." The word "model " is derived from the Latin slot "modelium", means the measure , image , fashion , etc. Its original meaning was associated with the building arts, ipochti in all European languages, it has been used to describe an image or transform , or things similar in some respects with the other thing . according to many authors, the model was used initially as an isomorphic theory ( after the creation of analytic geometry by Descartes iFerma model was the concept implying a theory kotorayaobladaet structural similarity with respect to such other teorii.Dve teoriinazyvayutsya isomorphic if one of the which serves as a model for other , and vice versa) . On the other hand, in the natural sciences such as astronomy, mechanics , physics , chemistry , the term "model " was used to refer to that to which the theory is otnositsyaili may include, for what it describes. VA Stoff said that " here with the word " model "of two closely related , but slightly different concept ." Under the model broadly understood mentally or practically sozdannuyustrukturu that reproduces part of reality in a simplified and understandable form . These, in particular representation of Anaximander of the Earth as a flat -com cylinder vokrugkotorogo rotating hollow tubes filled with fire with holes. The model in this smyslevystupaet as some idealization , simplification of reality , even though the nature of istepen simplification introduced by the model may change over time . In a more narrow smysletermin "model " is used when they want to portray a certain range of phenomena with help of other, more well-understood , it is easier understood . Thus, the physics of the 18th century pytalisizobrazit optical and electrical phenomena by mechanical ( " planetarnayamodel atom " - the structure of the atom was portrayed as a structure of the solar system). Thus, in these two cases under the model refers to either a specific obrazizuchaemogo object , which displays real or perceived properties , structure , etc., or other object that actually exists , along with the test and similar acting in respect of certain specific properties or structural features . In etomsmysle model - not a theory, but what is described by the theory - a kind predmetdannoy theory. In many discussions about the epistemological role and metodologicheskomuznacheniyu simulation , the term " simulation " is used as a synonym for knowledge , theories , hypotheses , etc. For example, the model is often used as a synonym of the theory in the case where the theory developed eschenedostatochno , there's little deductive steps , a lot of simplifications , uncertainties (Physics : The term "model " can be used here to refer to predvaritelnogonabroska or a future version of the theory subject to significant simplifications introduced stselyu software search paths leading to the construction of a more accurate and sovershennoyteorii ) . Sometimes the term is used as a synonym for any of the quantity theory , the mathematical description . The failure of such use from the epistemological point of view, mneniyuV . A. Stoff , is "what is the use of the word does not cause any problems novyhgnoseologicheskih that would specificity for models ." An important feature distinguishing the model from the theory ( according to Frolov ) is not the level of simplification, not the degree of abstraction and , therefore, does not amount etihdostignutyh abstractions and distractions , but a way of expressing these abstractions , simplifications iotvlecheny characteristic of the model. In the philosophical literature on modeling predlagayutsyarazlichnye model definition . AA Zinoviev and II Revzin give the following definition: " Let X be a set of propositions describing the relation elementovnekotoryh complex objects A and B. Suppose that there is some - Y be a set of judgments obtained by studying A and non- judgment X. Suppose that there is some mnozhestvosuzhdeny related to B, and also different from X. If the output from the conjunction of X and Y popravilam logic , then A is a model of B, and B is the original model. " Here the model - lishsredstvo gain knowledge , not knowledge itself , not epistemological way , therefore, fall izrassmotreniya ideal models ( mental ) because of their importance in kachestveelementov knowledge of real-world objects can not be denied . Defining IT Frolov : "Simulation is the material or mental imitirova - realnosuschestvuyuschey of the system by a special unique design (models) in kotoryhvosproizvodyatsya principles of organization and operation of this system." Here osnovemysl that the model learning tool , its main feature - mapping. The German philosopher Fyustnek : " By essence of the concept model include the fact that in neypredstavleno relationship between the three components of the model , as such, may bytopredelena against one particular source and a particular " subject " . Onrasshiryaet concept model that infers a model of independence relationship otego special epistemological application. The most comprehensive definition of the term "model " gives the VA Stoff , in his book "Modeling and Philosophy" : "Under the model refers to a mentally predstavlyaemayaili materially implemented a system that , displaying or reproducing obektissledovaniya is able to replace it so that it allows us to study new information obetom project. " Upon further consideration, the models and the modeling process budemiskhodit from the fact that the common feature of all models is their ability , so iliinache , display a reality. Depending on the means by which , in kakihusloviyah , in relation to which objects of knowledge is their common feature is implemented , there is a large and with it the problem of classification models. 2 . Classification and types of modeling. The literature on the philosophical aspects of modeling , различныеклассификационные signs, which are highlighted in different types of models . Ostanovimsyana some of them. For example, referred to such features as: - Way ( shape model) ; - Qualitative specificity (content model). By the method of constructing the model and ideal byvayutmaterialnye . Let us consider the group of material models. Although these may Delhi - up person, but they exist objectively. Their naznacheniespetsificheskoe - play structure , character, flow , nature izuchaemogoprotsessa : - reflect the spatial properties of the dynamic nature of the processes under study , according to the communication . Material models are inextricably linked with objects similar attitude . Material models are inextricably linked with imaginary (even before anything built - first theoretical idea , rationale ) . These models ostayutsyamyslennymi even if they are embodied in a tangible form . Most of these models are not intended to be materialized . In form they mogutbyt : a) shaped, built of visual sensory elements , b) sign . In these models, the elements of the relationship and the properties of the simulated yavleniyvyrazheny with certain characters c) mixed, combining the characteristics and imaginative , and iconic models. Advantages of this classification is that it provides a good basis for analizadvuh basic functions of the model : • practical ( as weapons and means of scientific experiments) • Theoretical ( as a specific way of reality, in kotoromsoderzhatsya elements of the logical and sensible, abstract and concrete , general iedinichnogo ) . Another classification is at BA Glinski in his book " Modeling as metodnauchnogo research," which, along with the usual division patterns in the way they implement, and they are divided on the nature of the playback side of the original: • the substantial ; • structured ; • functional ; • mixed . AN Kochergin offers a review and classification features such as : the nature of the simulated events , the degree of accuracy , the amount of visible properties , etc. We now consider the issues directly with samimmodelirovaniem . Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary defines it as: "Simulation - a method of research objects of knowledge on their mo - dard models ; iizuchenie the construction of models of real objects and phenomena ( organic ineorganicheskih systems engineering devices , a variety of processes - the physical, chemical , biological , social ), and constructed objects to determine their characteristics libouluchsheniya , rationalization of methods of their construction , management , etc. " The following types are defined and modeling. Now we shall consider them in general terms . Modeling can be : • objective ( Case Study on models of the main geometrical , physical, dynamic , functional, its characteristics) ; • physical (play physical processes); • Domain- mathematical (the study of the physical process by opytnogoizucheniya any other physical phenomena of nature, but zhematematicheskimi described those relations as the simulated process) ; • symbolic ( computational modeling , abstract and mathematical ) . Before proceeding to the application of simulation , consider osnovnyefunktsii models.

3 . The main function models

3.1. Modeling as a means of experimental research Let us find out what the specifics of the model as a means of ex- talnogoissledovaniya compared with other experimental - The funds you. Rassmotreniematerialnyh models as tools , instruments of experimental deyatelnostivyzyvaet need to figure out the differences between those experiments in which ispolzuyutsyamodeli from those where they do not apply. There is a question about the specifics of that experiment vnositv use it model. The transformation of the experiment in one of the main forms of practice, proiskhodivsheeparallelno with the development of science has become a fact since then , both in production sdelalosvozmozhnym wide application of natural science, which in turn was rezultatompervoy industrial revolution that opened the era of machine production. " The specifics of the experiment as a form of practice is chtoeksperiment expresses an active relation of man to reality. Due to this , vmarksistskoy epistemology makes a clear distinction between experiment and nauchnympoznaniem . Though each experiment includes monitoring as necessary stages" of the study. However, in addition to monitoring the experiment contained and takoysuschestvenny for revolutionary practice as a sign of active intervention in hodizuchaemogo process. By experiment means an activity undertaken to nauchnogopoznaniya , discovery of objective laws and consisting of subjecting the izuchaemyyobekt (process) by means of special tools and equipment. There is a special form of the experiment , which is characterized by the use of force materialnyhmodeley as a special means of an experimental study . This formanazyvaetsya model experiment. In contrast to the usual experiment , where the means of experiment or so inachevzaimodeystvuyut with the object of research , there is no interaction , so kakeksperimentiruyut not with the object itself , as his deputy . In this case, a proxy object experimental setup combine and merge the existing model in odnotseloe . Thus, there appears two-fold role model performs veksperimente : it is both the object of study and экспериментальнымсредством . For the model of the experiment , according to some authors, characterized sleduyuschieosnovnye operation. 1. The transition from the natural to the object model - building a model (modeling in the true sense of the word) . 2 . Experimental study of the model. 3 . The transition from the model to a natural object consisting in the transfer of results obtained in a study on this subject. The model is included in the experiment , not only replacing the object of study , it mozhetzameschat and the conditions under which an object is studied routine experimentation . A common experiment requires theoretical moment only vnachalny time of the study - hypotheses , its evaluation , etc., teoreticheskiesoobrazheniya associated with the construction of the installation , as well as in the final stage - the discussion and interpretation of the data , their generalization , in the model eksperimenteneobhodimo also justify the attitude similarity between the model and the natural obektomi ability to extrapolate this to the data . VA Stoff , in his book "Modeling and Philosophy" to mention the fact chtoteoreticheskoy base model experiment , mainly in the field of fizicheskogomodelirovaniya is the theory of similarity. It is limited to the establishment of uniform quality between phenomena between systems belonging to the same form of motion of matter. She daetpravila simulation for cases where the model and have the same nature (or pochtiodinakovoy ) physical nature. However, the current practice of modeling out of bounds relatively limited range of mechanical phenomena and in general, otnosheniyasistemy within one form of motion of matter. Emerging mathematical models that differ in their physical nature of the object being modeled , pozvolilipreodolet limited physical modeling . When математическоммоделировании basis relation sheniya model - nature is a generalization teoriipodobiya , which takes into account the qualitative heterogeneity model and object, materials of different forms of matter in motion . Such a generalization takes the form of a abstraktnoyteorii isomorphism systems.