Borrowings in Russian language

   Borrowing of foreign words - one of the ways of development of any modern language. Language is always quickly and flexibly to the needs of society. Borrowings are the result of contacts and relations of peoples and states.

   The main reason for the borrowing of foreign vocabulary is recognized in the absence of the notion of cognitive basis of the borrowing language.

   Other reasons: the need to express with words borrowed valued Russian concepts fill the expressive means of language, etc.

   According to the nature and volume of loans in the Russian language, one can trace the path of the historical development of the language, that is the way international travel, communications and scientific development, and, as a consequence, the crossing of Russian vocabulary and phraseology with other languages. Monitoring the transition words and phrases of a foreign language in the Russian language helps to understand the history of the Russian language as the literary, and its dialects.

   It is necessary to distinguish between the borrowing and foreign words. Borrowings (words, syntax and less turns of phrase) adapted to Russian language are necessary semantic and phonetic change. Adapting to the realities of Russian language is the main feature distinguishing borrowing from foreign words. Foreign words retain traces of their foreign origin. These traces can be phonetic spelling, grammatical and semantic features.

   In the history of the language alternated periods of preferential loans:

- From the Latin and Germanic languages ​​(Proto-Slavic period);

- From the Greek, and then from the Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic (the era of Christianization, the further effect of book);

- Of the Turkic languages, thanks to the influence of the Ottoman Empire (especially in the XVI - XVII centuries);

- From Polish (XVI - XVIII centuries) - Polonismes;

- Of the Netherlands (XVIII), German and French (XVIII - XIX century);

- Of the English language (XX - beginning of XXI century).

Of special note is borrowing from the Japanese language, who came to the new time (XIX - XXI century).

Borrowings in Old Russian language

    Many foreign words borrowed Russian language in the distant past, so they learned that their origin is found only through etymological analysis.

Borrowing from Slavic languages

    Church Slavonic language for about ten centuries, was a foundation of religious and cultural dialogue of Orthodox Slavs, but it was far from the daily routine. By itself, the Church Slavonic language was close to, but did not match any lexical or grammatical with national Slavic languages​​. However, its influence on the Russian language was great, and as Christianity became a daily occurrence, an integral part of Russian reality, a huge reservoir Church-Slavoning lost its conceptual foreignness (names of months: январь (January), февраль (February) and so on; words: ересь (heresy), идол (idol), священник (priest) and others).