7. Синтаксичні аспекти перекладу. Слово і речення. Залежність перекладу слова від контексту. Порядок слів і структура речення при перекладі. Переклад синтаксичних комплексів.

The sentence structure undergoes more or less significant changes. It should be noted that the sentence structure is considered changed when the word order is changed or other members of the sentence are used. When an article, a link verb or another auxiliary word is omitted, we do not consider the sentence structure changed. The same holds true for replaced morphological forms within a grammatical category. The sentence structure is changed when it is impossible to preserve word-for-word translation for a specific reason. 

When translating from English into Ukrainian, the word order may be changed due to the following causes: 1. When a corresponding phenomenon is lacking in the TT.

2.When analogous grammar structures differ stylistically in the ST and the TT.  3.When the semantic structure of the ST and TT are incongruent.

Change Of The Sentence Structure Because A Corresponding Phenomenon Is Lacking In The TL

To illustrate the case, we may take any idiomatic grammatical structure such as complexes with the infinitive, participle or gerund: The weather being fine we went for a walk. I saw him run.  I heard him sing. He is believed to be a great singer, etc.  Also, there a little more difficult cases when the passive is changed into active. Or such expressions as: The bed was not slept in. She will be taken care of, etc. 2. Change Of The Sentence Structure Because Analogous Grammar Structures Differ Stylistically In The SL And The TL 

Though most grammatical structures are stylistically neutral, some of them may be used only in a specific speech style. So, in some cases when we have exactly the same structures in the ST and TT., but cannot use them because they are not stylistically equivalent. In such cases we have to change the sentence structure and use some other means to gain the necessary effect. For instance, in journalistic style, we often come across the emphatic structure What is important … is that both the scale of industry was increased and new technological processes were introduced. (A. Morton. People’s History of England).

The structure may be translated word-for -word: Що важливе, так це те, що … It is awkward and unacceptable for the literary style in Ukrainian. It is good for the style of oratory, or spontaneous speech. The translator suggested the following: Найбільш важливим є збільшення масштабів промислововго виробництва, запровадження нових технологічних процесів ….

An asyndetic (безсполучникове) conditional clause is characteristic of a formal style, while its Ukrainian counterpart is highly colloquial. So, Had a positive decision been taken here at the General Assembly …. cannot be translated Схвали Генеральна асамблея… Якби Генеральна асамблея прийняла is more appropriate in this case, while elliptical sentences are highly emotional and more typical of the colloquial style. 3. Change of the sentence structure because the semantic structure of the SL and TL are incongruent

Every language has its own types of phrases within a sentence, its formula of subject and object relations which govern to some extent the sentence structure. The character of such structural formulae depends on its lexical content and it is difficult to draw a general rule. Idiomaticity of such formulae is very prominent when two languages are compared. 

We can say An apple a day keeps the doctor away but cannot say Яблуко тримає лікаря геть. The peculiar ways of combining words which are governed neither by grammar rules or by the meaning of the words themselves are called meaning structure of the phrase. A translator must have a good understanding of the meaning of phrases. The meaning of phrases is closely related with their grammar structure and often dictates which phrase should be chosen in translation. 

Her voice was low and clear can be translated as, ЇЇ голос був низьким і чистим but the Ukrainian sentence will be more natural this way: У неї був низький і чистий голос.  The woman slammed a door in his face. В обличчя можна подивитися, сказати, кинути, але не можна зачинити. It will be natural to say in Ukrainian: Жінка зачинила двері у нього перед носом. 

The sentence structure is changed because words combine differently in English and Ukrainian. One of the most common cases of the changed structure in the need to change the subject. In English we use nouns which can be replaced by it more often than in Ukrainian. eg. London saw a cold winter last year.  Last year saw a further drop of production in our country,  while in Ukrainian only nouns which can be replaced by the pronouns she or he can see something.