Infinitive Constructions Complex Object

General Note	Indicators	Examples
This Com-	After verbs of:
plex consists	a) mental activity: to know,	a) I believe it to have
of a noun in	to think, to consider, etc.	been a mistake.
the common	b) declaring: to declare, to	b) They reported the
case or a	report, to pronounce, etc.	enemy to be ten
pronoun in		miles away.
the objective	c) wish and intention: to	c) I want you to
case and the	want, to wish, to desire, to	come along with us.
infinitive. It	mean, to intend, etc.
is mostly	d) feeling and emotion: to	d) I hate you to be
translated	like, to love, to hate, etc.	troubled.
into Russian	e) sense perception: to hear,	e) I saw him get on
by an object	to see, to watch, to feel, etc.	the bus this morning.
clause.	f) order, compulsion and	f) What makes you
	permission: to order, to al-	think it was me?
	low, to have, to make, to	Let him sit here if he
	get, to let.	wants.

NOTE: Function in the sentence: part of a complex object. Complex Subject

General note	Indicators		Examples
The Subjective with the Infini­tive Construc­tion consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative and any of the six forms of the infinitive.	a) with the following groups of verbs in the Pas-		She was heard to laugh heartily.
	sive Voice:
	to see to expect
	to hear to believe		He is supposed to
	to think to suppose to consider to say to know to report		have left. He is said to be a good doctor.
	b) with the following parts of synonyms in the Active
	Voice: to seem to prove		He seems to notice nothing unusual.
In Russian equivalent it is in most cases a subordinate clause.		to appear to turn out to happen to chance		The girl appeared to be everybody's
				attention.
		c) with word groups con­taining adjectives / ad­verbs.		He is sure to come.
		To be (un) likely To be sure		He was not likely to have made a mis-
		To be certain 1 to be		take.
		bound		He is easy to deal
		To be anxious		with.
		To be pleased To be easy To be happy

NOTE: Function in the sentence: the subject of the sentence.

Far-Complex

General note	Uses	Examples
This construction is introduced by the preposition for. It consists of a noun or a pronoun in the objective case and an infinitive (or an infinitive word- group). For is not	We use for + noun
	phrase + infinitive
	after:
	/. an adjective	It will be best for
		her to continue this
		way.
	2. a noun phrase /	It is not the right
	pronoun	time for us to speak
translated into Russian. The construction is translated by a subordinate clause or infinitive.		about it.
		There 's nothing for
		him to do about it.
	3. a verb	I have arranged for
		you to have a pri-
		vate room.
	Note: often after a	We are still waiting
	verb which has for	for them to reply.
	after it.

Practice

1. Point out the Objective-with-the-Infinitive Constructions. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. We expect her to come tomorrow. 2. Everyone consider him to be a clever man. 3. I wish John to come to our place at the weekend. 4. We ordered a huge bunch of flowers to be brought by 7 o'clock. 5. I have never heard him play the piano. 6. Every spring we see the leaves on the trees come out again. 7. Usually English people don't like the strangers to ask personal questions. 8.1 will let you use my car if necessary. 9. The nurse felt him tremble with cold. 10. You could have heard a pin drop. 11. You mustn't let it worry you. 12. What made you think so? 13. People know him to be an honest man. 14. He wished the specialist to cure him of his illness. 15. I know him to be working very hard. 16. What made you come so early? 17. I've never seen them talk together. 18. How can you let your son go there alone? 19. They borrowed the money, didn't they? Let them pay it back.

2. Say what the warning advises I reminds I tells I warns you to

do or not to do.

Use sentences with Complex Object in your answers.

Beach Safety

Hawaii's beaches are breathtakingly beautiful, but they can be very dangerous for newcomers. The beaches are always open, even when there is no lifeguard protection. If you do not see a lifeguard on duty, swim on another beach. Remember:

• Never turn your back on the ocean.

• Enter the water slowly and carefully.

• Don't be caught off your guard.

• Never swim alone.

• Always have someone you can call to.

• Dive beneath breaking waves before they reach you.

• Do not stand in the path of a large wave.

• Do not swim over a large wave or turn your back against it.

• Avoid beaches with rocky coasts.

• Stay clear of areas with surfers.

• Look out for runaway surfboards that wash in with the waves.

Model: It advises you to swim on another beach if you don't see a lifeguard on duty.

It warns you never to turn your back on the ocean. Continue ...

3. Paraphrase the sentences using Complex Object. Make all the necessary changes.

Model 1: People know that he is an honest man. People know him to be an honest man.

1. I know that she has an interest in the company. 2. I be­lieve that she isn't guilty. 3.1 found that the job was very chal­lenging. 4. I imagine that he works very hard. 5. We didn't ex­pect that he would arrive by plane. 6. The patient wanted that the doctor examined him. 7. He wished that the specialist cured him of his illness. 8. Do you mean that he should bring his girl­friend to the party? 9. I didn't mean that you should go there immediately. 10. Do you like when your guests leave your place late?

Model 2: She heard that he whispered something. She heard him whisper something.

1. I felt that it was true this time. 2. I saw that the man pulled the door open. 3. I felt that his hand was trembling. 4. I noticed that the woman passed him by and gave him a quick and strange look. 5. We heard that the actor was singing. 6. They forced us to sit and wait (make). 7.1 hope you will tell her to sell the car (have). 8. Her parents wouldn't give her permis­sion to go out with boys (let). 9. His parents didn't allow him to leave the home-town (let). 10. She heard some strange sound and stepped aside (make). 11. The teacher told him to complete the task (have).

4. Identify the Complex Subject. Translate the sentences. Model: 1. The secret was believed to have been lost.

Полагали, что секрет был утерян. 2. She appeared to be supporting the girl.

Оказалось, что она поддерживает девушку.

1. She is extremely likely to succeed. 2. We are not allowed to go out. 3. He had been asked to remain to lunch. 4. Tell him this next time you happen to be alone together. 5. The girl was not likely to have taken an overdose of sleeping tablets by mis­take. 6. It was bound to happen. 7. They seem to be planning a new attempt. 8. The children are sure to be fighting again. 9. The facts are sure to become known next year. 10. She proved to know the subject. 11. It was silent in the room. Only the clock was heard to tick. 12. A young woman is supposed to have written this book. 13. She smiled broadly and waved her hand. She seemed to have recognised me. 14. Just look at his hands. He is sure to have been working in the garage.

5. Change the sentences so that to use Complex Subject. Model: It is said that he knows several oriental languages.

He is said to know several oriental languages.

1. It seems that she has forgotten her promise. 2. It is re­ported that the expedition left in June. 3. It was considered that he is one of the best pilots in the country. 4. It appears that they understood this rule very well. 5. The teacher expects that you will read an article on this subject. (You are expected ...) 6. You signed the document without reading it, which was very stupid. (It was stupid ...) 7. He rushed into the burning house, which was very brave of him. (It was very brave ...) 8. Is it likely that he will arrive before six? (Is he ...) 9. It is not likely that the captain will allow them to put these cases on deck. (The captain ...) 10. They will certainly conclude this agreement in the near future. (The agreement is certain ...) 11. It seems that nothing has changed. 12. You may miss the beginning of the perform­ance if you don't hurry. (You are likely ...) 13. It appeared that the charges at the hotel were reasonable. 14. He was the only person who believed in the results of the experiment. 15. He will be pleased when he learns the news.

6. Identify the Far-Complexes. Translate the sentences.

I.It was easy for my brother to learn Spanish. 2. We are still waiting for him to come. 3. Have you bought something for me to read during the trip? 4. The day was much too cold and rainy for anyone to have a good time. 5. It's not the right time for us to speak about it. 6. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth. 7. It will be best for you to see the doc­tor about the tooth. 8. I'd like to put forward a few suggestions for you to think about. 9. Harriet was anxious for the party to be a success. 10. It might be possible for you to sign the paper to­day. 11. He didn't mean for them to study in the library. 12. It was hard for the boy to read the book in the original.

7. Practice the Far-Complex after adjectives.

When Sue and Peter Dale visited the old house to see how far the workmen had progressed with the repairs, it was disap­pointing for them to see that several jobs had not been done to their satisfaction.

Study the examples, then rewrite the sentences. Model: Peter was impatient. He wanted the pile of bricks in the

kitchen to be removed.

Peter was impatient for the pile of bricks in the

kitchen to be removed.

1. Sue was eager that the black tiles in the bathroom should be replaced. 2. Peter thought it necessary that the missing panes should be put into the kitchen windows immediately. 3. They were anxious that the painter should remove the red splashes from the kitchen floor immediately. 4. Sue wasn't happy that Peter should pay the bill for the faulty central heating. 5. Sue thought it would be wrong if Peter paid the builders. The garage wasn't wide enough for the car. 6. Sue thought it would be too dangerous if Peter tried to repair the wiring system himself. 7. They were impatient. They wanted the gardener to start his

work. 8. They were eager that the workmen should be out of h house before Christmas. ^e

8. Practice the Far-Complex after a noun phrase.

Someone in an advertising agency is writing an advertise­ment for a holiday abroad. Complete it from these rough note's

Holiday makers can

- Holiday in 6 different countries.

- Pick from 10 different fortnights.

- Travel on 3 different airlines.

- Choose from 12 outward and return flights.

- Stay at 24 different hotels.

- See many fascinating national festivals.

- Take part in local music and dancing.

- Buy all sorts of gifts and bargains.

- Return home with lots of duty-free goods. And they don't have to

- make any arrangements -fill in any complicated forms

- pay for any extra items

Model: Six different countries for you to holiday in!

No arrangements for you to make!

Continue... Give some sentences to advertise tourism in your region.

9. Combine the two ideas in the following into one sentence using the Far-Complex after verbs as in the examples given. Model: You will need a taxi to take you to the airport. Ring

one up!

Ring up for a taxi to take you to the airport!

I.Mrs Williams is looking for a baby-sitter to look after the baby on Saturday nights. She should advertise. 2. I'd like a firm to pick up my laundry every week. I'll arrange it. 3. You need a

doctor to look at your sick child. Send for one! 4. Our new furniture hasn't been delivered yet. We are still waiting. 5. I'd like a student to give my son extra tuition in French. I'll ad­vertise. 6. We needed a book to prepare for exams. We are looking for it. 7. The children want the holidays to come. They are longing for them. 8. John wants a place to study at the lo­cal technical college. He's still hoping. 9. His friends want to be admitted to the club. He will ask. 10. He hasn't called yet. I will wait.

10. Change the sentences so that to use different constructions with infinitive.

I.It is expected that the weather will improve. 2. It seemed that she was a very experienced teacher. 3. It appears that she likes her work very much. 4. It was very kind that you visited Janice in hospital. 5. Emma can't reach the top shelf. It is very high. 6. The guests can take part in lots of activities. (There are...) 7.1 knew that he was a very careful driver. 8. Don't you find that the painting is a masterpiece? 9.1 can't go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear. 10. He may not be invited to of­ficial opening of the Good Will Games. (He is unlikely...) 11. She held me out the telegram so that I might see it. 12. It's quite natural that you should think so. 13. Have you noticed how she flushed when you looked at her? 14. She called Peter names. I heard it. 15. He was the first person who came to the bar and the last who left it.

11. Translate into English. Use the constructions with infinitive.

1. Ты хочешь, чтобы я пригласила его к нам обедать? 2. Некому было присмотреть за детьми. 3. Кажется, вы ду­маете иначе. 4. Машина ехала слишком быстро, чтобы я смог рассмотреть лицо водителя. 5. Чернила очень трудно стереть. 6. У нас, кажется, уже был этот разговор раньше. 1. Когда вы ожидаете, что они приедут? 8. Вероятно, он выздоровеет. 9. Я договорилась, чтобы он провёл воскресе­нье у бабушки. 10. Ты действительно считаешь, что мне

нужно заняться спортом? 11, Оказалось, что её ключи уте­ряны. 12. Надеюсь, вы понимаете, как мне неудобно от­правляться туда на две недели. 13. Он говорил по-английски достаточно хорошо, чтобы мы могли понять, что он хотел. 14. Сообщалось, что делегация прибудет поздно вечером. 15. Кажется очень вероятным, что их предложе­ние будет принято, 16. Они попросили, чтобы секретарь показала им оригинальные документы.

12, Read the dialogue and мяту what the editor expects Mike and Тага to do during the dav. Use the Complex Object.

Mike: Why are you looking so pleased?

Тага: Well, we've got some American visitors today. And the editor has chosen me to give them a talk.

Mike: Are you definitely doing it? Has he asked you to do it?

Тага: Yes. Why? Do you want to do it?

Mike: No, you're welcome to it. But I hope you're not ex­pecting me to help you - I'm busy all day.

Тага: But the editor wants us both to welcome them when they arrive!

Mike: OK, I can spare an hour.

Тага: Good. I'd prefer you to tell them about the way we work. Then he'd like them to have a tour of the build­ing -1 can do that.

Mike: What about lunch?

Тага: Well, the editor wants to meet them himself for lunch.

Mike: But he's got a meeting in Harrow all morning!

Тага: Well, he expects to be back by 12.30.

A: Say how Mike and Тага share their duties. B: Role-play the dialogue.

13. Read the article and identify constructions with Complex Subject.

Fears for Lone Missing Climber

Fears are growing here for a lone climber missing for the past 48 hours.

Jamie Biddals, 32, from New Zealand, is known to have left Kathmandu alone six days ago but has not been seen since. He is thought to have only a small amount of food and he is be­lieved to be wearing only lightweight climbing clothes. As for equipment, he is known to be carrying a small rucksack and a lightweight tent.

He is said to have been heading for an old base camp.

The weather has deteriorated during the last 48 hours, and he is thought to have been trying to get to the camp when a se­vere blizzard started.

Jamie is considered to be one of the best climbers in the world but there are still fears for his safety in these conditions.

A: Answer the questions:

\. Is Jamie Biddals said to have left Kathmandu alone or with a group of other climbers?

2. How much food supplies is he thought to have taken with him?

3. What kind of clothes is he reported to be wearing?

4. Did he happen to take any tent to sleep in?

5. Where is he expected to have been heading for?

6. Why do people appear to be worried about Jamie?

B: Work in groups. Suggest any ideas about Jamie's escape. Exchange your ideas in the class. Use the following patterns:

Jamie is

sure certain (not) likely bound

to do smth. to be doing smth. to be done, to have done smth. to have been doing smth. to have been done.

С: Think about the development of tourism in your country in the short, medium and long term. Include your views on the likelihood of certain things to happen or not to happen.

14. Read a story of a girl, Vicky by name, who is learning Japanese. Identify constructions with infinitive.

It is no uncommon thing today to go to evening classes to learn a foreign language. All members of my family did it. It was easy for my brother to learn Spanish and it was no trouble at all for my farther to learn French at evening classes. But my mother found it quite difficult to learn German. As for me, it wasn't an easy thing to learn Russian at evening classes two years ago. Grammar rules were so complicated for me to re­member!

Now I'm learning Japanese and it appears to be very hard for me again. It seems quite easy for our teacher to pronounce Japanese well. But it would be foolish for us (students) to ex­pect to acquire perfect pronunciation. It takes a lot of time.

Gradually I get to understand that it is impossible for eve­ning class students to learn to speak Japanese fluently. It will be more reasonable for me to simplify aim at making myself un­derstood. But it would have been wrong for me to give up the course half way through as it is unusual for me to get discour­aged. But anyway I must admit it'll be a relief for me to finish the course next summer! In fact, it would be best for me to go on holiday to Japan afterwards!

A: Answer the questions:

1. How do most people learn a foreign language today?

2. How difficult was it for Vicky's family to learn foreign languages?

3. What problems did Vicky have when she was taking a course in Russian?

4. Vicky finds Japanese quite easy to pronounce, doesn't she?

5. Does she expect to speak Japanese fluently after the end of the course?

B: Say what is quite easy / difficult / interesting / boring / useful / (unnecessary / helpful for you about your English studies.

C: Work in groups. Give some advice for students to improve their English. You may use the following:

It is important 1 useful 1 necessary It will be a good idea 1 the best thing There are so many / different + noun	for you + to-infinitive

15. Read the following jokes. Retell them in indirect speech. Use constructions with infinitive.

A Sound Sleeper

John: Hello, Bob, old boy. It's ages I saw you last. I want you

to know that I even spoke to you in my dream. Bob: Sorry, but I didn't hear you speak.

A Cheep Secret

Young John: I saw you kiss my sister, Mr Brown. Would you like me to keep silent on the subject?

Mr Brown: Certainly, my boy. Here is a sixpence. And I ex­pect you to keep it a secret.

John: A sixpence? Do you really mean I have to keep it

a secret for sixpence? I got two shillings for not telling I saw Mr Johns kiss her.

Passer-by (to a rider on horseback passing slowly along the road): Hey, young man, one of your spurs is missing. You have got a spur on your right foot and none on your left one.

Rider: Never mind! One spur will do. If I make one side of my horse go, the other is not likely to lag behind.

"Oh, Auntie!" cried little Annie, "Make Freddie behave himself. Every time I happen to hit him on the head, he is sure to burst out crying".

A group of people were talking about strange things which had happened to them.

"When I was in India", said one of them, "I saw a tiger come down to the water where some women were washing clothes. It was a very fierce tiger, but one woman, had a pres­ence of mind to splash some water in its face - and it ran away".

"Gentlemen", said a man in an armchair, "the story is sure to be true. Some minutes after the accident I was coming down to the water. I happened to meet this tiger and stroked its whiskers. Gentlemen, I found those whiskers to be wet".

The Gerund

The Gerund is a non-finite form of the verb that has both verb and noun characteristics. Its noun characteristics are the following:

1. The Gerund can be the subject of the sentence, and ob­ject, a predicative.

Reading is his favourite pastime. I've finished working. My worst vice is smoking.

2. It can be preceded by a preposition. He insisted on coming.

3. It can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or a possessive pronoun.

Please, excuse my interrupting you. The teacher said that she wouldn't tolerate Peter's ar­riving late every day.

Its verb characteristics are the following:

1. It can be followed by a direct or an indirect object.

Closing the factory means putting people out of work. He hates speaking to strangers.

2. It can be modified by an adverb.

A teacher of English must avoid speaking too quickly.

3. The Gerund has voice and tense distinctions. The Indefi­nite Gerund expresses that the action denoted by the gerund is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb in the sentence. The Perfect Gerund indicates that the action of the Gerund precedes the action of the finite verb in the sentence.

Study the forms of the Gerund

Form	Active	Passive
Indefinite (simple)	asking writing	being asked being written
Perfect	having asked having written	having been asked having been written

He avoided making the same mistakes again.

He admitted having made the same mistake again.

No one likes being thought a fool.

He resented having been criticized by the manager.

NOTES:

1. The Gerund can be rendered into Russian by a noun, an in­finitive, by деепричастие, by a subordinate clause.

Repetition is the mother of learning.

Повторение - мать учения.

It's no use talking like that to me.

Бесполезно говорить со мной таким тоном.

My answering in the affirmative gave him great satisfaction.

To, что я ответил утвердительно, было ему очень приятно.

Не left without saying good-bye.

Он ушёл не попрощавшись.

2. After the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and

the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive in meaning.

The child deserves praising.

Ребёнок заслуживает, чтобы его похвалили.

The book is worth reading.

Эту книгу стоит прочитать.

3. After the verbs to remember, to excuse, to forgive, to thank, and after the prepositions on (upon), after, without the Gerund Indefinite may be used to denote a prior action.

/ don't remember hearing the legend before.

Я не помню, чтобы когда-нибудь слышал эту легенду.

You must excuse my not answering you before.

Вы должны извинить меня за то, что я не ответил вам

раньше.

/'// never forgive her for abandoning the children.

Я никогда не прощу её за то, что она бросила детей.

On hearing the news he decided to set out for London at once.

Услышав (узнав) эту новость, он решил немедленно от­правиться в Лондон.

After leaving the High School, he entered Oxford University. После окончания средней школы он поступил в Окс­форд.

The Functions of the Gerund in the Sentences

The Gerund can be:

1. the subject of a sentence when an action is considered in a general sense.

Talking mends no holes. Разговоры не помогают в беде. Learning rules without examples is difficult. Учить правила без примеров трудно. It's foolish arguing over trifles. Глупо спорить по пустякам. It's no use talking like that to me. Бесполезно говорить со мной таким тоном.

2. the predicative.

What he likes best in the world is travelling. Что он любит больше всего на свете - (так) это путеше­ствовать.

Deliberating is not delaying. Раздумывать - не значит отложить. All I want is getting out of here. Всё, что я хочу - это выбраться отсюда. Seeing is believing. Увидеть - значит поверить.

3. a) part of a compound verbal modal predicate with verbs and verbal phrases expressing modality: intend, expect, want, like, feel like, detest, dislike, can't help, can't bear/stand, etc.

b) part of a compound verbal aspect predicate with verbs denoting the beginning, the duration, or the end of the action

such as begin, start, go on, keep on, cease, finish, quit, com­mence, stop, give up, carry on, proceed, resume, continue, etc.

We intend going there in summer.

Мы намерены съездить туда летом.

Не couldn 't help admiring the man.

Он не мог не восхищаться этим человеком.

/ can't help thinking that I've seen you before.

Я не мог не думать о том, что видел вас раньше.

/ can't stand her grumbling.

Я не выношу её ворчания.

Не kept looking behind.

Он продолжал оглядываться назад.

Не was wearing an old suit and his hair wanted cutting.

На нём был старый костюм, и его волосы нуждались в

стрижке.

Не resumed working.

Он продолжил работу.

In the night it started raining.

Ночью пошёл дождь.

4. a) a direct object after the following verbs: admit, antici­pate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy(imagine), forgive, involve, mind, postpone, prevent, re­gret, remember, resent, resist, risk, suggest, etc.

b) a prepositional object after the verbs with prepositions: accuse of, aim at, approve of, assist in, complain of, depend on, decide against, dream of, inform of, insist on, prevent from, think of (about), succeed in, rely on, suspect of, warn against, look forward to, object to, devote to, etc.; after the ad­jectives and adjectivized participles with prepositions: be afraid of, be amazed at, be used to, be good at, be fond of, be tired of, be proud of, be sorry for, etc.

/. Do you mind my closing the door?

Вы не возражаете, если я закрою дверь?

2. It's nice to be with other people but sometimes I enjoy

being alone.

Хорошо быть в компании с другими людьми, но иногда

я люблю побыть в одиночестве.

3. I can't find my book. I remember having put (putting) it on the table.

Я не могу найти мою книгу. Я помню, что положила её на стол.

4. Не admitted taking the money. Он признался, что взял деньги.

5. Не resented having been criticized by the manager. Он обиделся на критику менеджера.

6. The situation calls for taking additional measures. Ситуация требует принятия дополнительных мер.

7. Не insisted on being taken to the concert.

Он настоял на том, чтобы его взяли на концерт.

8. I hope you don't object to our singing.

Я надеюсь, что вы не против нашего пения.

9. Everybody was interested in getting additional informa­tion.

Все были заинтересованы в получении дополнительной информации.

10. We are engaged in discussing this problem. Мы заняты обсуждением этой проблемы.

11. Mary apologized for not phoning me earlier. Мэри извинилась, что не позвонила мне раньше.

5. an attribute. In this function it is used after the nouns with prepositions - of, for, in, about, at. The most common nouns are: reason for, an advantage I disadvantage of, a cause of, a chance I opportunity, fear, feeling, fact, gift, idea, way of, a difficulty, decrease, rise, fall in.

Samuel Johnson was born in 1709. As his father was a book-seller he had early opportunity of becoming well ac­quainted with books.

Самюэль Джонсон родился в 1709 г. Так как его отец был торговцем книгами, у него рано появилась возмож­ность, чтобы приобщиться к книгам. Не was born with the gift of winning hearts. Он родился с даром покорять сердца.

There is no chance of their getting married for у ears. Нет никакой надежды на то, что они скоро поженятся. After a while I began to have a feeling of being watched. Спустя некоторое время у меня появилось чувство, что за мной наблюдали. Не felt irritation at being disturbed. Он чувствовал раздражение от того, что ему мешали. / saw no harm in asking a few questions. Я не видел никакого вреда в том, чтобы задать несколь­ко вопросов.

6. an adverbial modifier of time, manner, attendant circum­stances, condition, purpose and cause. In this function it is pre­ceded by the prepositions: after, before, on (upon), by, in, with­out, at, for, through, in spite of, instead of, despite.

She frightened her father by bursting into tears. Она напугала своего отца тем, что разрыдалась. The day was spent in packing. День прошёл за упаковкой вещей.

/ was able to translate this text without using the dictionary. Я смог перевести этот текст, не пользуясь словарем. The language develops slowly through a number of epochs, by modifying its vocabulary and grammar. Язык развивается медленно на протяжении ряда эпох, изменяя свой словарь и грамматику. Before going to the station I had to telephone my office on business.

Прежде чем отправиться на вокзал, я должен был по­звонить на работу по делу.

After having read hundreds of books, I came across one that made me think for myself.

После того как прочитал сотни книг, я натолкнулся на одну, которая заставила меня задуматься. In spite of being ill, he came to the final discussion. Несмотря на то, что был болен, он пришёл на последнее обсуждение.

One side of the gallery was used for dancing. Одна сторона галереи использовалась для танцев. I feel much better myself for having spent a good deal of my time abroad.

Я чувствую себя намного лучше оттого, что долго про­жил за границей.

Practice

1. State the form of the Gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I don't think the collection of essays is worth reprinting.

2. All of us enjoyed reading your letter. 3. She had the feeling of being watched. 4.1 thanked her for having made a list of all the things we ought to take along with us. 5. I hate being dis­turbed in my seat when the performance has started. 6. She de­nied having seen them in the shop. 7. After having read hun­dreds of books I came across one that made me think for my­self. 8. Before going to the station I had to telephone my office on business. 9. Swimming every day is a good way of keeping fit. 10. You'll enjoy being in London. 11. She regrets having said all this to you. 12. She apologised for not telling the truth. 13. There seems no reason for such a society being founded. 14. Volume Five wants binding. 15. Which do you like better -reading or being read to? 16. Joe resents being treated like a child. 17. I really object to driving on busy holiday weekends. 18. The guitar needs tuning. 19. She recalled having been taken there when she was young. 20. She has vague memories of hav­ing been knocked by a motorbike.

2. Use the correct form of the Gerund of the verb in brackets. Translate into Russian.

1. Why do you avoid (see) me? 2. He tried to avoid (see). 3. We insist on (send) him there at once. 4. He insists on (send)

there instead of me. 5. Do you mind (examine) the first? 6. He showed no sign of (know) them. 7. She showed no sign of (im­press). 8. He had the most irritating habit of (joke) at the wrong moment. 9. I was annoyed at (interrupt) every other moment.

10. He hated (remind) people of their duties or (remind) of his.

11. In (discuss) the problem they touched upon some very inter­esting items. 12. The equipment must go through a number of tests before (install). 13. The water needs (filter). 14. The matter is not worth (speak of). 15. Excuse me for (give) you so much trouble. 16. You never mentioned (speak) to them on the sub­ject. 17. I don't remember ever (see) you. 18. The boys were punished for (break) the window.

3. Join two sentences to make one sentence using Gerund. Model: Don't worry about it. It's no use.

It's no use worrying about it.

There is no point in worrying about it.

1. Don't try to escape. It's no use. 2. Don't smoke. It's waste of money. 3. Don't ask Tom to help you. It's no good, 4. Don't hurry. It's no worth it. 5. Don't study if you are feeling tired. There's no point. 6. Don't get angry. It's not worth it. 7. Don't work if you don't need the money. There's no point. 8. Don't give him much money. It's no good. 9. Don't blame yourself. There is no point. 10. Don't follow her advice if you don't trust her. There is no point. 11. Don't buy a secondhand car. It's waste of money. 12. Don't threaten him. It's no good.

4. Answer the questions according to the model. Model: - Why didn't you tell him?

- It's no use telling him. It's no good telling him. or

- What's the point of telling him?

1. Why didn't you talk to him? 2. Why didn't you remind him? 3. Why didn't you complain? 4. Why didn't you suggest a remedy? 5. Why didn't you refuse? 6. Why didn't you offer a reward? 7. Why didn't you warn him? 8. Why didn't you go to the embassy? 9. Why didn't you demand compensation?

10. Why didn't you apply for that job? 11. Why didn't you leave? 12. Why didn't you oppose him?

5. Complete the sentences with a suitable word. Use each verb once only.

have	study	smoke	work	live	stop
go	get up	say	make	watch	help
write	see	learn	look	become	walk
use	travel	do	after	eat	go out
			pay

Model: 1. ... is unhealthy but a lot people find it difficult to stop.

Smoking is unhealthy, but a lot people find it difficult to stop.

2. I'm fed up with ... in the city - it's too dirty and crowded. 3. I enjoy ... in the garden at weekends. 4. I ran ten kilometres without ... . 5. He left the hotel without ... his bill.

6. I was surprised that she left without ... goodbye to anyone.

7. I'm not really interested in ... to university. 8. That machine? Oh, it's used for ... toasted sandwiches. 9. They don't like ... and go everywhere by car. 10. They've given up ... meat. 11. We were able to translate the letter into English without ... a dictionary. 12. It was a very long journey. I was very tired after ... on a train for 36 hours. 13. After ... the same job for ten years, I felt I needed a change. 14. ... children can be very tiring. 15. We are looking forward to ... you. 16. They are very keen on ... how to play chess. 17. ... television seems to be our national sport. 18. I have decided to stop ... in the evenings so that I can save some money for my holidays. 19. He's an artistic person - very good at ... poetry. 20. She is going to continue ... for another two years, until her exams. 21. They hate ... early in the morning. 22. Thank you for ... me organize the party. 23. We love ... parties.

6. Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the sentences in brackets. Use the necessary prepositions. Model: (Why is it useful to have a car?) What are the advan­tages of having a car?

1. (I don't intend to lend you any money.) I have no inten­tion ... . 2. (Helen has a good memory for names.) Helen is good ... . 3. (Mark won't pass the exam. He has no chance.) Mark has no chance ... .4. (Did you get into trouble because you were late?) Did you get into trouble ... .5. (We didn't eat at home. We went to a restaurant instead.) Instead ... .6. (Tom thinks that working is better than doing nothing.) Tom prefers working ... .7. (They got married. They didn't tell any of their friends.) They got married ... . 8. (Our team played well but we lost the game.) Our team lost the game in spite of ... .9. (They wrote the list of guests then worked out the details of the party.) After .... 10. (He took the invitation. He didn't even thank her.) He took the invitation without ... . 11. (I wanted him to help us. And he was standing there giving advice.) Instead of ... . 12. (The astronauts received their final medical check then they boarded their spaceship.) After ....

7. Complete the sentences using the Gerund of the verb in brackets. Remember the usage of the preposition to in every case. In one case the perfect gerund is required. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The Prime Minister said he was looking forward to (meet) the US President. 2. He said he wasn't used to (speak) in public. 3. Having almost run out of money, we were reduced to (stay) in a cheap hotel. 4. He tried to limit himself to (smoke) five cigarettes a day. 5. Manufacturers were asked to devote all their energies to (increase) exports. 6. The policeman couldn't swear to (see) the accused man at the scene of the crime. 7. The committee could see no alternative to (follow) the plan in its original form. 8. He should be accustomed by now to (eat) Eng­lish food. 9. Hard work is the key to (pass) examinations. 10. Does he prefer traveling by ship to (travel) by train⁷

11. Having suggested the plan myself, I now feel committed to (try) to make it work. 12. The speaker said he would confine himself to (answer) four questions. 13. Most teachers agree that their duties should not be limited solely to (teach). 14. He came very close to (win) a gold medal for his country in the Olym­pics. 15. Unreliable delivery dates are one of the most important obstacles to (increase) our exports.

8. Complete the sentences using by + Gerund. Use one of the following:

borrow too much money; break a window; drive too fast; put

some posters up the walls; stand on a chair;

turn a key; follow her instructions; work day and night; slide

down ropes made of sheets;

explain the advantages of my plan; tell the truth; work regularly.

1. The burglars got into the house ... .2.1 was able to reach the top shelf .... 3. You start the engine of a car .... 4. Kevin got himself into financial difficulty ... .5. You can put people's lives in danger ... .6. We made the room look nicer ... .7. We found the house ... .8. You can improve your English ... .9. They were able to escape from fire ... . 10. He managed to fin­ish his job in time ... . 11. He surprised us all ... . 12. I tried to persuade him ....

9. Write the correct preposition and write the correct form of the Gerund.

1. After a long time we eventually succeeded ... a flat, (find) 2. I've been thinking ... for a new job. (look) 3. His par­ents didn't approve ... him ... out so late, (stay) 4. I wonder what prevented him ... to the party, (come) 5. I'm getting hun­gry. I'm looking forward ... dinner, (have) 6. I don't feel ... today, (study) 7. Forgive me ... you but I must ask you a ques­tion, (interrupt) 8. The arrested man was suspected ... into a house, (break) 9. Have you ever thought ... married, (get)

10. I've always dreamed ... on a small island in the Pacific, (live) 11. The cold water didn't stop her ... a swim, (have)

12. Have you ever been accused ... a crime? (commit) 13. She apologized ... so rude to me. (be) 14. We have decided ... _a new car. (buy) 15. The student apologized ... the previous les­son, (miss) 16. Concert-goers are asked to refrain ... in the auditorium, (smoke) 17. The police suspect the owner of the store ... the fire himself, (start)

10. State the functions of the Gerund. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. It rained for three days without stopping. 2. I couldn't sleep despite being tired. 3. Having a lot of freedom is very im­portant to me. 4. I'm not interested in discussing your problem. 5. Thomas Edison was well-known for working very long hours. 6. He accuses me of having destroyed all his hopes. 7. Can't you stay? I don't like being alone in the house. 8. She doesn't like being taken notice of. 9. After having been taught English for three years, he was now to take up French and Spanish. 10. Despite living in the same street, we hardly ever see each other. 11. He had the advantage of always having con­fidence in himself. 12. Denying the fact would worsen the situa­tion. 13. It's no use being sorry now. 14. They had the gift of making you feel at home. 15. The young man didn't feel like laughing. 16. I wanted to go alone but they insisted on coming with me. 17. It's no good taking advantage of people's weak­ness. 18. The constant chatter of the children prevented him from working. 19. There's no point in having a car if you never use it. 20.1 think you should apologize to Sue for being so rude to her. 21. I'm fed up with this work. I'm thinking of trying something else. 22. We have decided against having a new car because we can't really afford it. 23. I wanted to go out alone but Joe insisted on coming with me. 24. Speaking a language every day is the best way of learning it. 25. Our house needs painting. 26. Crying won't help matters. 27. We use knife and fork for eating meat. 28. You will only succeed by trying hard. 29.1 don't want to force you into doing something against your will. 30. Being laughed at is never very nice. 31. Travelling

abroad can be exciting enough, but just now it is more exciting being here. 32. She stopped answering my letters and I won­dered what the matter might be. 33. Can we recall having men­tioned the fact to anyone? 34. Thorpe was terrified, terrified of having to touch something, and even more, of being touched. 35. After having been rejected by dozen magazines, they (the stories) had come to rest in the Globe office. 36. I understand perfectly your wanting to leave. 37.1 wonder at Jolyon's allow­ing the engagement. 38. People will talk, there is no preventing it. 39. The host broke the awkward silence by inviting the guests to proceed to the dining-room. 40. This is laying the blame at the wrong door. 41. On being told the news she gave a gasp of surprise. 42. The idea is worth considering.

11. Complete the sentences using Gerund.

Model: You must be tired of ... —> You must be tired of doing the same things day after day.

1. The boy was severely reprimanded for ... .2. The public was warned of the dangers of ... .3. You seem to be very fond of ... .4. Who is responsible for .... 5. You ought to think about... , instead of ... . 6. I would never think of ... .7. They saw no reason for not.... 8. My doctor advised me to give up ... .9. We had to put off ... . 10. That company specializes in .... 11.1 told him not to bother about... . 12. We asked the solicitor for advice before ... . 13. By ... , he ran a risk of ... . 14. The teacher de­cided against ... . 15. On ... , he took off his hat. 16. Many peo­ple get a great deal of satisfaction from ... . 17. Closing the fac­tory means ... . 18. They achieved good results by ... . 19. The garden is so neglected, it needs ... . 20. She is a very efficient secretary, she hasn't got any difficulty in ....

12. A friend has written to tell you he wants to give up his stud­ies. You are writing a reply. Join pairs of sentences, beginning with the word in brackets.

1. Don't ask your college friends what they think. That's no good. (It...)

2. Don't be hurt by other people's comments about your studies. It's no worth it. Try to work harder. (It ...)

3. Discuss the problem with your parents. It would be worth it. (It ...)

4. Why go out and earn money now. It's no use. (It ...)

5. Why worry about exams? It's no use. (It ...)

6. Think thoroughly about your future prospects before giving up studies. It is worth it.

7. Why not finish your education and then think of some new ideas. It's worth it. (It ...)

8. Don't waste your education. There's nothing worse than that. (There ...)

Now write part of your own letter. Include ideas and sen­tences from exercise 12.

13. Do you mind doing these things? Ask and answer. Give full answers, please. Work in pairs. Model: Do you mind getting up early?

I don't mind getting up early.

I object to getting up early.

getting up early, having a cold breakfast, walking in the rain to the bus / underground Do you mind station, travelling in crowded buses at the rush hours, going without regular meals, working with TV on, cooking your own meals, walking the dog early in the morning in all sorts of weather?

Team work. You're going to be teachers, lawyers, journalists, psychologists, economists, etc. Find out whether your friends are fit for the job.

meeting different people every day, meeting

the same people every day, listening to peo-

Do you mind pie for many hours, reading documents all

day long, staying in the office after office

hours, writing articles, advising people on personal matters, travelling a lot, following instructions, working at odd hours, thinking up new ideas, organizing things in advance, persuading different people, caring for peo­ple, finding solutions both in abstract and practical problems, influencing people, hid­ing your emotions, working on your own, working with children, meeting new interest­ing people, doing dull routine work, doing paper work.

Think about the qualities which are necessary for a good journalist, lawyer, etc. Do it like this: A good journalist doesn't mind travelling a lot, etc.

14. Answer the questions using gerunds. Speak about yourself using Gerunds.

1. Do you mind getting up at 7 o'clock every morning? 2. When did you start working here? 3. Do you like going to dis­cos? 4. Why don't you like going there? 5. Do you like to write "thank you" letters? 6. What is a good way of keeping fit? 7. Do you prefer travelling by plane or by ship? 8. Do you enjoy being challenged by new tasks? 9. Do you prefer doing practical things to reading or creative writing? 10. Do you enjoy talking to others about their opinions? 11. Do you like working under pressure? 12. Are you good at persuading others? 13. Is there any point in worrying about your friend's problems? 14. Do you keep in touch with your faraway relatives by dropping them a line or by giving them a ring? 15. Do you usually put much ef­fort into doing the job you like? 16. Do you have any difficul­ties in fulfilling the job you don't like? 17. Do you usually postpone doing it till next time? 18. Are you good at socializing with different people? 19. Are you good at using computers and learning languages? 20. Are you for or against learning things by heart?

/5. Fill in the blanks with prepositions from the box + Gerund. Retell the story.