15. Просветительская литература сша 18 века.

The American Enlightenment 

The Enlightenment took root in Europe in the 1600’s and 1700’s. It influenced governments, economies and entire cultures. With the increasing use of the printing press, the ideas of John Locke and Baron de Montesquieu, as well as others, traveled across the Atlantic Ocean and into the hands of men such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The Enlightenment shaped the justification for independence as set down in the famous “Declaration of Independence”.

Thomas Jefferson (1743 –1826) believed in the Enlightenment idea of natural rights, and we can see their influence in Declaration of Independence.

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE (ДЕКЛАРАЦИИ
НЕЗАВИСИМОСТИ АМЕРИКИ) (1776)

STATUTE OF VIRGINIA (ЗАКОНА ШТАТА ВИРДЖИНИЯ)

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM (СВОБОДЕ ВЕРОИСПОВЕДАНИЯ)

UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA (УНИВЕРСИТЕТА ВИРДЖИНИИ)

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

Autobiography

Poor Richard's Almanack (Альманах простака Ричарда)

In theAutobiography, we get a full picture of Franklin as the Renaissance scholar, fascinated by all types of learning and interested in doing whatever he could to make life a little bit better for mankind, based on the notion that the way to please God was by doing good to other men. This interest manifested itself in public service and scientific progress. The Autobiography remains an important look into the history and sociology of 18th century America.

Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information. The Almanack contained the calendar, weather, poems, sayings and astronomical and astrological information that a typical almanac of the period would contain.Franklin also included the occasional mathematical exercise, and the Almanack from 1750 features an early example of demographics.

Thomas Paine (1737-1809) was another colonial American who believed in the Enlightenment philosophy. His famous pamphlet, Common Sense, reasoned that by natural rights the American colonies should be free from England.

Common Sense - призывал американцев на войну за независимость, на революцию

The Age of Reason (1793–94)

16. Литература сша первой половины XIX века. Американский романтизм.

Romanticism is European and American movement extending from 1814 to 1870.

Romanticism emphasized love of nature, emotional expression, individual experi- ence, and the importance of ordinary people and folk traditions. Often, romantics longed for a simpler, gentler past—a time when noble people lived in harmony with unspoiled nature—a past that did not in fact exist. Romanticism developed in the early 1800s and became widely popular. In some ways, Romanticism reflected the spirit and concerns of its time.

Characteristics of Romanticism:

- Interest in the common man and childhood

- Strong senses, emotions, and feelings

- A connection with nature

- Celebration of the individual (romantic hero)

- Importance of imagination

William Wordsworth (1770-1850)

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)

John Keats (1795-1821)

Transcendentalism was an American literary and philosophical movement of the nineteenth century. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

- Relationship between man and nature. Heightened awareness of this relationship would cause a “reformation” of society away from materialism and corruption

- Nature held the truths of life

- Fulfillment comes from knowing one’s self, not wealth, gender or education

Washington Irving – “The Devil and Tom Walker”

James Finimore Cooper – from The Deerslayer

Edgar Allan Poe – “The Fall of the House of Usher,” “The Raven”

Emily Dickinson

Walt Whitman

ИНТРОСПЕКЦИЯ - метод психологического исследования, который заключается в наблюдении собственных психических процессов без использования каких-либо инструментов или эталонов.