17. Characterize the trial by British judicial system

There are 3 highest bodies of judiciary in GB:

1^st – The H. of L. , which is the highest court of appeal. The head is Lord Chancellor, who directs the activities of law lords. Lord Chancellor makes the final judgment on the question.

2^nd – judicial committee of the Privicouncil is also the highest court of appeal. The head is Lord President, who directs the activities of law lords.

Both courts have criminal and civil jurisdiction.

3^rd – Supreme Court of judicature. It consists of some branches such as Queen’s branch, divorce, admiralty. In this court this branches deal with divorces, adoption of children and different marine disputes (this court have only civil jurisdiction)

There are 3 lower courts in England and Wales

1^st – Magistrates courts. They exist in every city, have criminal and civil jurisdiction and have the right to appeal to one of the highest court.

2^nd – Juvenile. This court consists of specially qualified judgment, one of which must be woman. Criminal and civil.

3^rd – County courts. Exist in every county, have only civil jur. The head is a judge. They deal with pensions, compensation, rand restriction, adoption of children.

Both civil and criminal courts in N.I. are similar to the Welsh and English courts. Only with slight modifications.

In Scotland there are 2 lowest courts

1^st – The Police Courts. They are in towns and cities. They have criminal and civil jur. Have the right tj appeal to one of the highest court. The head is Sherriff judge.

2^nd –The justice of the peace courts is in the rural regions. They deal with breaches of the peace and other different petty offences.

18) Ланкастрия

37) См. вопрос 13

38) Principal towns and cities of gb and their historical background

Cardiff (Wales). It’s a capital of Wales since 1955. Before the 19^th c. it had nearly 1000 inhabitants. Romans came there in 75 AD. 700 years later the Normans arrived and built one of the oldest castles in the British Isles Cardiff Castle (1093). It’s still the greatest fortress of GB.

Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and one of the loveliest cities of the Europe. It’s built on several Ridges which are separated by the rifts. Edinburgh has a nickname “Auld Reekie”. Reek – smoke, because of the smoke which is coming from thousands of chimneys. The name Edinburgh comes from Gaelic word meaning ‘fortress on a hill’. The name is also associated with the king Edwin of 7^th c. In 1436 Edinburgh became the capital of Scotland. The Union of Scotland and England in 1707 reduced the importance of Edinburgh as the capital. But still it remains the legal and cultural center of Scotland. In 18^th -19^thc. it was the center of a brilliant literary and philosophical circle. To this circle belongs Robert Burns, sir Walter Scott, philosopher E. Smith and others. Since 1947 Edinburgh has been the center of 3-week international festival of music and drama.

Belfast is the capital of NI. It was founded by the Normans in 1177 when they erected the castle. In the 16^th c. Belfast was a small fishing village which soon was taken by English. During by 16-17c. many protestants from England and France came there. E.g. the French Huguenots brought with them the improved new methods of linen making and made Belfast the center of linen trade. In the 18c. ship building grew. In 1920 Belfast was the leading ship building center of Europe. (Titanic was built there).

Hastings is situated in S-E of England. In the 11^th c. it was connected with the greatest event in the English history (Battle of Hastings, 1066). Now it is visited as the place connected with this event.

London is the capital of GB was founded by the Romans in 43 AD. They called it Londinium, they built a bridge across the Thames. The Norman conquest of 1066 mixed Saxon character of London with French. Population changed due to some tragic events. The reason for great fire was the fact that all the houses, small shops and dwellings were made of wood and plaster. They were built very close to each other so it was easy for the fire to destroy everything. Until 1920 London was the largest city of the world in that year New York took this position.