§ 171. A complex sentence with a conditional clause may be built on clauses of both type II and III, thus forming a mixed type of conditional relationship. For instance:

If we hadn't been such fools, we would all still be together, (the subordinate clause with reference to the past - type III, the principal clause with reference to the present - type II).

If you were more attentive, you wouldn't have made so many mistakes (the subordinate clause with reference to the present, as it implies somebody's ability to concentrate in general - type II, the main clause with reference to the past - type III).

The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of concession

§ 172. In complex sentences with concessive clauses there is a contrast I between the content of the main clause and that of the subordinate one: the action or fact described in the main clause is carried out or takes place despite the action or state expressed in the subordinate clause.

This type of clause is introduced by conjunctions: although, though, if correlative conjunctions: though...yet, whether...or; соnjunсtive pronouns or adverbs: whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever (which may stand for almost any part of the sentence), as; or composite соnjunсtiоns: no matter how, no matter what, for all that, despite that, in spite of the fact, despite the fact, even if, even though, even when.

The abundance of means for expressing concessive relations is determined not only by the necessity to differentiate various shades of meaning, but also by the fact that different parts may form the focus of the concessive meaning:

However cynical he was - (The focus is the predicative.)

Сколь бы циничен он ни был...,

Late as it was -

Хотя было поздно...,

как бы ни было поздно...,

Try as he might - (The focus is the notional

Как бы он ни старался..., part of the predicate.)

хотя он и старался работать...,

Whoever may come - (The focus is the subject.)

Кто бы ни пришел...,

Compound conjunctive pronouns and adverbs (whoever, whenever, etc.) impart universal or indefinite meaning to the clause they introduce. Contrast the following sentences:

a) Whenever you come send me a note (any time when...).

b) When you come send me a note (the definite time when...).

There is some similarity between clauses of condition and concession. The difference lies in the fact that whereas conditional clauses state the dependence of one action or circumstance on another, concessive clauses imply a contrast or lack of dependence between them. Thus the following sentences with concessive clauses

Although the weather was bad, he went for a walk.

Although the weather was fine, he did not go for a walk (the second statement is surprising in the light of the first),

may be rephrased using coordinate clauses joined by the contrastive but.

The weather was bad, but he went for a walk.

The weather was fine, but he did not go for a walk.

In complex sentences with a conditional clause the dependence has no contrast.

If the weather was fine he went for a walk. (The second statement results from the first.)

The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of purpose j

§ 173. Clauses of purpose generally express the purpose of the action, which is stated in the main clause. The verb-predicate in the subordinate clause is in the subjunctive mood as it expresses a planned but not a real action. Adverbial clauses of purpose are introduced by conjunctions that, so that, lest, so as, so, in order that, for fear that.I trode on an edging of turf that the crackle of the pebbly gravel might not betray me.

I tell you all this so that you may understand me perfectly.

The conjunctions lest and for fear (that) introduce clauses stating | what is to be prevented, as both the conjunctions have a negative meaning. | Lest is now extremely formal and after this conjunction the analytical) subjunctive with should auxiliary is generally used.

He was like a man who is afraid to look behind him lest he should see something there which ought not to be there.

"It's a bit lighter in the park," he said, "but take it (an electric torch) for fear you get off the path. "

In some cases the meaning of purpose in clauses introduced by lest and for fear that is weakened so that the clause expresses rather general motivation than purpose, or else an outcome of the action in the main clause, as in:

Lest the wall should collapse, they evacuated the building. (They did not evacuate the building with the purpose of causing the wall to collapse.)

Better chain up the dog for fear he bites.

The complex sentence with an adverbial clause of cause